Notice (8): Undefined variable: file [APP/View/Elements/side_bar.ctp, line 60]
Code Context
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 120%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><b><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Hari Bhakta Upadhyay Adhikari</span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Gemstone Expert</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Without technical knowledge, it is impossible to go ahead in this. There should be academic courses in the universities on gemstones. The students should be provided with technical and theoretical knowledge. Training centres should be set up in the East, West and Kathmandu. For that, a budget of Rs 50 million would be sufficient to begin with.</span> <br />
	</span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Being a civil engineer, what attracted you towards gemstones?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">In my 25 years long career with the government, I reached a lot of places in Nepal. I was interested in herbs too. Working as an engineer, I also went on gathering information on gemstones of Nepal. With a technical background, it was easier for me to understand them. After I took up voluntary retirement from government job in 1991, I began intensive study on gemstones. I studied a lot of literatures on gemstones. Based on my study of 18 years, I have written two volumes of a book on gemstones named ‘Nepal Ratna’. These books are helpful to gain knowledge on precious stones.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Where did you find the major concentration of such stones?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">In Kaligandaki river, ruby, sapphire, tourmaline and jasper are available. Trishuli river is a treasure house of Topaz. Madi, Phidim and Karnali rivers have garnet. Narayani, Trishuli and Mahakali rivers have kyanite, quartz and jasper. Taplejung, Manang, Sankhuwasabha, Bhojpur, Jajarkot, Achham, Bardiya, Kalikot, Lamjung and Dhankuta have emerald, ruby, sapphire, beryl and other precious stone. Similarly, corundum, topaz, quartz, garnet, aquamarine, opal, jade, moonstone are found in Nepali mountains from east to west. In Ganesh Himal, I had found a mountain of ruby.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">You ‘had’ found a mountain of ruby. Isn’t it there now?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Nepal Metal Company was established in 1976 with Hyderabad Industries Limited, Government of Nepal and ordinary Nepali people as shareholders.&nbsp; After Nepal Government and the Indian company, the largest shareholder was Mohan Gopal Khetan and he was very influential in the company. I too had some shares. At the 14th annual general meeting of the company in 1995, I raised a strong voice that the ruby extracted from Ganesh Himal was being exported without authorisation. The meeting formed a seven member investigation committee with me as its head. But none of the members agreed to go to Ganesh Himal with me to investigate. Later I found that someone had told them that Mohan Gopal Khetan might cause them great harm. So, I too did not go there at that time. Later in 1996 when I went there, the hillock that I had identified earlier as the deposit of ruby was blasted out. The mound of 15 metre width and eight metre height was estimated to contain 19 metric tonnes of ruby. However, though the ruby from the hill was taken away like that, there still is a very high potential of ruby deposit in the 60 hectares area around that destroyed hill.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What would be the value of the ruby there? </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Ruby now is priced at Rs 17,000 per carat. Five carats make one gram. So one gram is worth Rs 85,000. That means, the 19 tonnes of ruby converted into money at today’s price would be sufficient to meet the government budget of Nepal for 500 years at today’s budget size. The then royal palace played major role in taking out rubies from there.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Despite such immense availability of gemstones, why is nothing being done?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">There is utter lack of human resource with good knowledge of gemstones. Even the department of mines under the government does not have a gemstone expert. There are no academic courses in this field so there is no possibility of gemstone experts being developed for the future. The government must do something urgently in this.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What have you done personally towards it?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">After I began studying gemstones, I felt the serious lack of human resource. Then at my own cost, I established Gemstone Research and Training Centre and began providing trainings. But, now I have discontinued it due to the power outage. Till now I have trained 80 persons on identifying gemstones, cutting and polishing them, cutting with the use of modern machines for export quality finish, carving hole with the ultrasonic drill machine and identifying and certifying the stones. I have been providing trainings too going to different offices under the Department of Cottage and Small Industries. And I have also designed a training course to be given by the Department on finishing gemstones.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What are your trainees doing now?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Some are running their own businesses. Some others are working in this sector at Thamel and in Bhaktapur and Surkhet.&nbsp; But most of them are not in this field. Due to the lack of capital, they have not been able to mine the stones and run factories to process them.&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What about government licensed gemstone exploration or mining?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">&nbsp;There are very few people who are in gemstone mining with government license.&nbsp; Most of the mines are illegal. I have heard that tonnes of raw gemstones are exported every month to Jaipur in India.&nbsp; Nepali ruby, sapphire, tourmaline and aquamarine are exported to Japan, Germany, America, Singapore, Switzerland, Belgium, Sri Lanka and South Africa. But I have not come to know anyone who holds a license to mine ruby, sapphire and aquamarine. Quartz is mined at Dhading, Gorkha, Rasuwa, Darchula, Bajhang and Sindhupalchowk. Similarly, aquamarine is collected from Taplejung and Rasuwa while Tourmaline is collected from Manang and Jajarkot. Garnet is mined from Sankhuwasabha and Ruby and Quartz from Dhading.&nbsp; These stones are mined without license and exported. The government has failed to see that.</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Didn’t you talk to the government for cooperation on locating and mining the gemstone deposits?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">I talked to Sahana Pradhan and Hridayesh Tripathi when they were Ministers of Industry but they declined the request citing the lack of budget. I have talked to the Department of Mines and Geology time and again. But nobody cares. In fact the Department does not have experts. So I am focused on producing qualified human resource.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What do you suggest as the most important thing to do in this field?&nbsp; </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Without technical knowledge, it is impossible to go ahead in this. There should be academic courses in the universities on gemstones. The students should be provided with technical and theoretical knowledge. Training centres should be set up in the East, West and Kathmandu. For that, a budget of Rs 50 million would be sufficient to begin with. I am 81 years old now. I wish to see three training centres coming into operation within my lifetime. If that happens, hundreds of thousands of Nepalis would get employed and Nepal’s economy would turn around.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">How do you see the future of gemstones in Nepal?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span calibri="" letter-spacing:="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Water resource helps the economy in an indirect way. The electricity generated from water should be first used to run factories and produce goods which can then be exported to get the money. But, gemstones can be sold straight from the mine. Nothing is being done in Nepal in this sector. I believe the kyanite (aluminium silicate) deposit of Nepal can meet the aluminium demand of the entire world. Similarly, gemstone kyanite costs US $ 1500 a gram. A truck full of such kyanite is illegally taken to India every month. The Customs Department and the police do not know about its value and usage as they are ignorant about the precious stones. The illegal mining and export must be stopped. If the government involves the private sector in this field, it can contribute more than hydro and herb resources do to the economy. </span><br />
	</span></p>',
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<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><b><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Krishna Prasad Kafle</span></b><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 120%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Mines Expert &amp;</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Former Superintendent Geologist, Department of Mines and Geology</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;">We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash on this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a result, the private investors were not attracted to it. Perhaps it can be attributed to the failure of the Department to give the required publicity about the mineral potentials of the country. <strong><br />
	</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">How is the situation of the mineral resources in Nepal?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">During the Rana period, minerals like iron, copper, cobalt, lead, zinc were mined in different places. It was a compulsion to operate these mines as there was no other way to get such minerals in Nepal. Charcoal was used as the fuel to heat the ore to extract iron and copper from the ore. Such metals were used for making household utensils and farm implements. Iron extracted from Thoshey mine of today’s Ramechhap district was used for making gun barrels by the then government. Historical records show that nine barrels were produced in a day. The remains of the factory and traces of mine excavation can still be found there. Similarly copper and lead were mined in Baglung, Gulmi and Myagdi, and cobalt was mined in Arghakhanchi and Gulmi. Copper is available in many places. Copper mines of Marma, Khandeshwori and Siddhi Khani in the eastern Nepal are some of the well-known ones. In Myagdi and Baglung a lot of work was done on mining. Bhainse and Pandav mines in Myagdi district are a few examples. However, they were all in small scale. The studies in the course of 50 years by the Department of Mines and Geology have identified various minerals found in Nepal. Among them, some may not be viable to mine commercially at present but have possibility in the future when the price of such minerals may increase. As more studies are conducted and technology becomes cheaper, we may go ahead with excavation for such minerals.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What have these studies found about the estimated size of mineral deposits in Nepal? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The deposit size differs for different minerals. If you look at the iron mine of Fulchowki of Lalitpur, it is around 10 million tonnes. Similarly Thoshey mine has around 16 million tonnes of iron as per the estimate by the Department which is supported also by the study made by a new mining company interested in this mine. The Department has located lead, zinc, copper in different places. In non-metallic segment, limestone, used as basic raw material for cement industry, is found in huge quantity. A deposit of 1.25 billion tonnes of limestone has been proved and places have been identified with probable deposit of 1.50 billion tonnes. Based on these data, 29 licences have been issued for limestone excavation and 196 licenses for limestone exploration. Hetauda Cement, Udayapur Cement, Himal Cement and Annapurna Cement are the examples of the cement factories that are utilising the Nepali limestone.&nbsp; Now additional cement factories are set up or are being set up in Dang, Salyan and Rolpa utilising the limestone mines there. In Arghakhanchi, Dynasty Cement Company is already in operation. In Udayapur and Hetauda, new factories based on Nepali limestone mines are coming up. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Now many cement factories are using clinker imported from India. Currently 40 to 50 per cent of Nepal’s cement demand is supplied by local factories. As the new infrastructures are being set up in the country, the demand for cement is going up in the similar speed. So, cement industry have good prospects in Nepal. This increased demand can be met by cement produced in Nepal with Nepali limestone. Thus Nepal can be self-reliant on cement with the available limestone deposit.&nbsp; Gypsum is the other mineral required for cement production. Though that is not found in a large quantity so far, there is possibility to find it. Explorations and studies must be continued. Other minerals required for cement industry are coal and iron. Both of them are available in Nepal. If government issues licence and no local problems arise, Thoshey mine can supply the iron to Nepali cement industry. Gypsum can be imported from Bhutan and India. There is possibility to find it in the area around Pyuthan, Dailekh and Surkhet.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Then why could not Nepal cash in this wealth so far? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash in this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a result, the private investors were not attracted to it. Perhaps it can be attributed to the failure of the Department to give the required publicity about the mineral potentials of the country. The government has issued 451 licences for exploration of minerals and 80 more licenses are issued for excavation. Recently, the awareness about the importance of this sector is growing.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">People say that though the types of minerals found in Nepal is very large, the size of the deposits are so small that it is not economical to mine them. What is the exact situation? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">When we were studying a copper mine in Dadeldhura, we found gold, copper, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, bismuth and even cobalt from the same mine. It is a poly-metal sulphide deposit which can be used as multi mineral mine.&nbsp; The tendency is such that we look for a certain mineral and when we notice that the deposit size of that mineral is not economical, we leave that site without trying to explore about the presence of any other mineral there. There was a UNDP project conducted to explore minerals in Nepal and that too concentrated only on copper, lead and zinc, which are called base metals. If the project had explored for other minerals as well on the same mines that would have yielded significant benefits. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Places like Myagdi, Baglung, Parbat, Gorkha, Solukhumbu and Ilam have mineral deposits. Gemstones are available in Sankhuwasabha, Dhading, Rasuwa, Jajarkot, etc. Different places are suitable for different minerals. The minerals are scattered all over, from the mountains to the Terai. We have failed to make a commercial use of them. Had we utilised them in time, we would have made tremendous economic progress already. For example, the best high-grade magnesite deposit of South Asia is in Dolakha district. But unfortunately we failed to excavate it on time and take it to the market. With scientific advancements, even the medium grade magnesite has now become as good as the high-grade. As we don’t have internal market for dead burnt magnetite bricks, we have to export it to other countries where such bricks are used in industrial units that have high temperature furnaces. Such bricks can resist up to 2300<sup>0</sup> Celsius temperature while normal bricks can’t resist more than 700<sup>0</sup> Celsius. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What about other minerals such as gold? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The gold deposit in Nepali mines is very small. However, gold is priced very high. Therefore, though the quality of gold that can be mined in Nepal may be small, its value is high. Therefore, even if the deposit of this mineral is small, it can be economically beneficial to mine. Our rivers like Karnali, Chamelia, Seti, Bheri, Budhi Gandaki, Marsayangdi and Kali Gandaki have gold in their sands. Local fishermen search for gold ore in these rivers and sell it in the market. Such ores have 60 to 99 per cent of gold. Precious metals and precious stones like ruby, sapphire, tourmaline, aquamarine are highly priced. Therefore, though they may be in small quantity, their value is high and it is economical to mine them. Metals like gold, iron, copper and zinc have their own value. They are found in Nepal and have a good market.&nbsp; But in the absence of proper mining, most of them are wasted. The local people have a tendency to blast the mine. By doing so, some quantity is extracted, but the big pieces of the stones get destroyed in this process. They are doing so because they don’t know the proper method of mining. If they hire an engineer to help them mine it properly, it can give them better results. We have mines from small to medium size. We don’t have mines as big as the ones in Australia, China and Canada. In non-metallic segment, we have big limestone deposits.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What kind of possibilities you see for the contribution of mines and minerals sector to the economy?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">At present, the contribution of mines and minerals to the country’s GDP is estimated at around 0.4 per cent. This goes up to 2.4 percent if we consider mineral-based industries as well. If we utilise our resources properly, we can increase this to 15 per cent within a decade. This is only by utilising the identified mineral locations. If new ones can be found, the benefit will surely go up.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What do you suggest to address the environmental issues that crop up with mineral exploration? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">That reminds of Godavari Marbles. The company was doing well.&nbsp; It had market in Bangladesh and India. But the locals and environmental activists did not allow the mine to function properly. You cannot take out the minerals without digging up which may damage the environment. However, there are ways to minimise the damage. Moreover, though the environment is damaged when the digging is going on, the location can be rehabilitated and the damage replenished once the digging is completed. The mine can be rehabilitated by tree plantation, herbs farming, horticulture or building a resort. In some cases, it is possible to do the entire exploration as well as processing under the ground so that the noise and dust pollution can be minimised. Or the digging can be under the ground and the raw mineral can be transported through tunnels to a far-away location for processing. However, it is not possible to avoid some environmental damage as the opening to the mine is naturally over the ground.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">How is the commercial viability of petroleum mine and, metallic and non metallic mines? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The geological structure and study reports suggest the possibility for petroleum at different locations of Nepal. Oil migrates from one place to another if it can’t get tapped properly.&nbsp; On the basis of studies by the Government and foreign companies, Nepal’s Terai including Churia region is divided into 10 different blocks for petroleum exploration. Shell Netherlands drilled about 3.5 kilometres on the block No. 10 a few years ago and found it dry. Then the company left Nepal. Now Cairns Energy, a British company and Texana Resources, an American company are doing preliminary works like reassessing, evaluating the existing data, and analysing samples but they are not doing it in full scale. Seismic survey has to be done. Then blasting may be required in some places. And wires have to be laid extensively. But it is not possible to do all these at the current political situation of the country. So they are idle. The government has already received back what it has spent on these studies. The government has charged these companies around Rs 200 to 220 million. Among the 10 blocks, five blocks are taken by Cairns Energy and two by Texana. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Oil is being extracted in Assam in India and Potwar of Pakistan since 1970s. As Nepal lies in the same geographical belt, there must be petroleum in our country too. But we have not found it yet. So we can’t guarantee the presence of petroleum yet. In Dailekh we can see the petroleum seepage. Similarly, in Trans-Himalayan region too, we find traces of gas. That shows the possibility of petroleum gas.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Which minerals should get priority in exploration and excavation in Nepal in your opinion? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Among the precious metals, gold has to be prioritised and on base metals, copper, nickel and cobalt must be given attention. On non-metals, limestone, magnetite, dolomite, phosphorite and talc have to be given top priority. As these minerals have good prospects to be found and there is international market as well in these, we should explore them also in new places. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The government should increase its budget in mining sector. In the last fiscal year, Rs 20 million was collected by the Department of Mines through licensing. But the projects under it get only around Rs 3 to 3.5 million as their budget which is too little.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">There is a controversy going on in the mining of sand and stones. As a mining engineer, what is your take on it?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Rivers bring down sediments from the hilly region and deposit them on the plain areas where the water current is weak. It is a continuing process. If such sediments are not dug out it brings problem. It lifts the river bed and increases the risk of flooding. But extraction of such sediments must be sustainable and balanced. You should not take out more than what the river has brought down from the hills. The problem at present is that in some places these sediments are extracted extensively while at some places nothing is taken out. At some places, walls are built to save settlements from flooding but sands and stones are extracted even from the foundation of such walls. That is haphazard mining. There must be a mining engineer and a geologist in every Village Development Committee and District Development Committee so as to properly mobilise the resources.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What are the minerals in which the private sector has shown some interest recently? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Recent report of the Department shows there are 80 licensed mining companies. Some of them are in operation. Most of them are on limestone, coal, red clay, slate, magnesite and on semiprecious stones like kainite, tourmaline, marble and quartz.&nbsp; The licenses already issued cover 12 minerals.&nbsp; And the trend is growing.&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What are the biggest challenges and problems in utilising the hidden treasure called mineral resources of Nepal? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Minerals are mined, so they are also called hidden treasure. However some minerals are found on the surface as well, e.g. the boulders. The biggest problem is that the Mines and Minerals Act, Forestry Act and Local Self-governance Act have contradictory provisions.&nbsp; Forest authority imposes tax on everything in the forest while mining authority says the mines, even within the forests, are under the mining authority. On the other hand, the District Development Committee and Village Development Committee come up and say they have the right over the mine area within their locality. So, the miner ends up paying taxes to all these different authorities. The solution is to adopt one-window policy for tax collection. Three ministries should coordinate and make mining easy. Investors will pay tax when they generate income. Before that they generate employment.&nbsp; So they must be encouraged. If 10 cement factories produce 1000 tons of cement daily, they jointly create employment for 10 thousand people directly and another 20 thousand indirectly. That will have multiplier effect.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What kind of market prospects do you see if the minerals can be extracted? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The magnesite bricks will not be consumed in our country; not even five per cent.&nbsp; We have to search for international market. Surface transport costs much, so we cannot compete with other producers of magnesite.&nbsp; Therefore, we have to export it even though we have to provide special subsidy in its transport cost. Priority should be given to the minerals that can be used within the country, so that the import can be reduced and the trade deficit can be reduced.&nbsp; We can make good money if we export sand and stones to India and Bangladesh on time. Iron ore can be used within the country by the cement factories and iron mills.&nbsp; Other metals and precious stones have market everywhere in the world.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Which five minerals would you like to specify as having the maximum commercial potentials?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Limestone is the most prominent. Then it is talc. Similarly important is magnesite as its mine operation is not difficult. If plants can be made and products taken to market, it has huge prospects. Only problem is of the fuel. A lot of coal is required. Kathmandu has natural methane gas reserve of 320 million cubic metres. It must be brought to the market. Precious and semiprecious stones, high priced metals and base metals must be highly prioritised.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">It seems that the mineral sector studies are very few and difficult to find. Why is it so? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span calibri="" letter-spacing:="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">There are a number of research activities carried out, but not on the desired speed and scale. The problem is that the study reports are not made available to the public in a manner that makes them easily accessible to all those interested on it, by paying reasonable fee. This is essential to attract investors. About 60-65 minerals are said to be found in Nepal. Economic viability of such minerals has been changing over the time. For example, once gold was available in Kathmandu for Rs 9 to 10 thousand per 10 grams. That time, the Nepali gold mines were naturally uneconomic. Now that the gold price has increased to Rs 30-40,000 per 10 grams, the same mines may be economical. An authority should be designated to make the decisions regarding which mine should be brought into operation and which to keep on hold.</span><br />
	</span></p>',
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			'description' => 'We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash on this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a',
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			'id' => '232',
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			'title' => 'Mining The Prospects',
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			'content' => '<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><i><span aldine401="" bt="" serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">By M Rijal &amp; Gaurav Aryal&nbsp; </span></i><br />
	</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 2.85pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">T</span><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">he present contribution of mines and mineral industries to Nepal’s GDP stands at around 2.4 per cent and it may rise to as high as 15 per cent in the next 10 years. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">“We are talking about the previously identified mineral resources only,” says Krishna Prasad Kafle, a geologist and mines expert. “Once new mineral resources like petroleum are discovered, the contribution to GDP will far exceed even the present forecast of 15 per cent.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">The future might look bright; the present situation, however, is still bleak. The fact is that Nepal is a net importer of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron and steel, aluminum, gypsum, salt, petroleum and high grade coal, among other minerals and mine-based products. “We can change the situation,” adds Kafle. “Nepal has tremendous mining prospects – let’s not doubt this fact. The geology of Nepal itself is the evidence to it.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Petroleum Prospects </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Sporadic oil exploration works in Nepal were first recorded in the 1930s. However, the first drilling was done only in 1989 in Radhanagar, near the eastern city of Biratnagar. The place is now Ward No 9 of Bahune VDC in Morang district <i>(see picture)</i>. Netherland’s Shell Company was involved in the drilling. The company drilled some 3520 metres beneath, but the “well” was found dry. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">“Only if the company had gone little bit deeper, there was a chance to discover the hydrocarbon (petroleum) deposits,” claims a geologist on condition of anonymity. “As fate would have it, India had imposed economic blockade on Nepal at the same time. Drilling machineries had to be imported from India. The total daily operating cost of drilling sky-rocketed to as high as Rs 30 to 35 thousand (not adjusted with inflation). The company ultimately abandoned its plan of going deeper.”&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">The Petroleum Exploration Promotion Project was set up within the Department of Mines and Geology. It gave momentum to exploration. So far, the Project has performed Airborne Magnetic Survey in 48 thousand sq km, photo-geological study in 60 thousand sq km, Reflection Seismic Survey in some 5 thousand line km, Gravity Survey in the entire Terai region, and Source and Seal Study in entire Nepal. Most significantly, the Department identified 10 <i>probable petroleum deposits</i> blocks in 1985. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">“Nepal’s whole Terai and Churia range are the most potential petroleum blocks in Nepal,” says Shyam Bahadur KC, the Acting Project Chief. “This is the region constituting all 10 blocks identified for oil exploration.” Each block is of some 5 thousand sq km in area and is named from the west to the east <i>(see Table 1)</i>. The Nepalgunj and Chitwan Blocks (3 and 5, respectively) were leased to Texana Resources, Huston, USA in 1998. But the company postponed exploration works in 2000 citing security reasons. The company is said to have almost completed preparing various maps but has not revealed further as to what would be next. Five Blocks - 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7, respectively, were awarded to UK-based Cairns Energy in 2004. The company postponed works for four years and resumed in December 2009. The company is involved in developing the complete maps first. As for the remaining three Blocks - 8, 9 and 10, the government is preparing to award contracts through a bidding process most probably in the next fiscal year (2011/12). <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">As for the reasons for so many researches-planned focusing on the Terai and adjoining Churia range, the geologists have firm belief that Nepal’s Terai is similar in geography to the sub-Himalayan plains of Pakistan and India where hydrocarbon deposits were discovered and are extracted on commercial scale. The Potwar Basin of Pakistan and Digboy of Assam in India are mining hubs in the sub-Himalayan region. “From among the 10 Blocks, if we discover even a single medium size oil well, it can transform the economy of Nepal beyond anybody’s imagination,” KC asserts in an optimistic tone.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">The evidence of Nepal’s hydrocarbon deposits can be seen as the gas and oil seepages in various parts of Dailekh district in mid-west Nepal. For instance, the oil seeps at Padukasthan represent “biodegraded” light oil with geological source, whereas the gas seeps at Navisthan and Sristhan are of “thermogenic” origin, according to geologists. Further, the proportion of higher “homologs (C2-C5)” in the seepages of Dailekh district suggests gases associated with oil. The threat, however, in terms of capitalizing the potential hidden oil wells is that “hydrocarbon deposits are mobile by nature”. If not tapped in time, the whole petroleum reserves may move from one place to another even crossing the man-made boundary of any country – this is what most of the geologists fear in Nepal. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Cement: On the Way to Abundance </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">Among all non-metallic minerals, excavation of limestone – the basic element to produce cement, has increased substantially in the recent years. Limestone is in abundance in the country and predictions are that Nepal has a chance to be fully self-dependant on cement by the next seven months (August 2011). Some six new industries are coming to the fore, in addition to the existing 30 cement industries. “We can now be hopeful that the domestic industries may fully sustain the demand for cement,” says Dhruba Thapa, Vice President, Nepal Cement Industries’ Association. The industries, however, still have to import clinker, which is produced from limestone and used for cement production, from India. As of today, some 30 companies have received limestone mining permission from the Department of Mines and Geology, whereas 167 companies have received the limestone prospecting (exploration) license from the Department. And more than 60 companies have received the license to operate a cement industry from the Department of Industry. In Nepal, the volume of limestone deposits (of cement grade) is believed to be over 1.25 billion metric tons, according to the Department sources.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">As for other non-metallic mineral resources except cement, there are possibilities for unearthing dolomite, phosphorite, magnesite, talc, mica, ceramic clay / red clay, silica sand, salt, barites, calcite deposit and diatomite, etc, from various parts of the country. There are also possibilities for mining precious and semi-precious gemstones such as tourmaline, beryl / aquamarine, garnets, kyanites, rubies / sapphire and quartz crystals. Decorative stones such as marble, granites, quartzites and slate can also be mined. Construction materials such as boulders, cobbles and pebbles are also in plenty while fuel mineral like coal too has commercial prospect. As for the operating mines, there are a few in the country. For instance, mining of marble is being done from Godavari (Lalitpur) and Anekot (Kavre); pebbles are mined from almost every riverside and low-hills and are even exported to India’s booming construction industry. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Metallic Minerals</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">In Nepal, the iron ore prospects and deposits are reported in 85 locations and the copper in 107 locations, zinc and lead in 49 locations, cobalt at least in 4 locations and nickel in at least 5 locations. At present, a Chinese company is involved in the mining of iron in Thoshe, Ramechhap. As for gold, there is no mine in operation as of today, but it is frequently winnowed out from the gravel and sediments of around a dozen rivers like Mahakali, Bheri, Rapti, Kaligandaki and Sunkoshi. Primary gold occurrences have been reported from Lungri Khola area in Rolpa; Banga Bagar, Gorang and Jamari Gad in Baitadi; and Bamangau in Dadeldhura. These areas are, however, yet to be explored extensively. The Department of Mines and Geology thinks that once the mining licenses are issued, the mines will automatically get the status of “operating mines”. As the Department has no mechanism to cross-check the facts going to the field, there is a compulsion to assume that the license holder mines are really operating. Same is the case for gold and other minerals. Two licenses have been issued to mine gold and are taken as the operating mines in the Department’s list without further evidence. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">As for Uranium, which is radioactive and so, a highly valued mineral, is also reported to have some deposits in Nepal. The sites are Jagati in Bhaktapur and Shiva Puri area in Kathmandu; Tin Bhangaley, Chandi Khola and Chiruwa Khola in Makwanpur; Buka Khola in Sindhuli; Janmari Gad, Banga Bagar and Gorang in Baitadi; and some traces in Chameliya river in Darchula. “Among the potential uranium sites, Tin Bhangaley (Makwanpur) and Gorang (Baitadi) prospects appear attractive, but economic evaluation of these sites are yet to be performed,” says geologist Kafle.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Methane Gas and Other Minerals</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Kathmandu valley that incorporates three districts of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur is rich in methane gas deposits. The Department of Mines and Geology explored this gas in 26 sq km area in the valley and it was proved that 316 million cubic metre of methane gas deposit is available for commercial purpose. But it still remains unexploited. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">Nepal is also affluent in other miscellaneous mineral resources. For instance, there are some 23 geothermal hot springs in Nepal. They are found in the vicinities of rivers like Mahakali, Marshyangdi, Trishuli, Kodari and Surai Khola, among others. The temperature of the hot spring water remains generally in between 40°C to 115°C. The hot springs can be utilized for tourism purpose, as people enjoy taking a bath into it. It is also believed that the hot springs have the healing power in illnesses like backache and arthritis. Thermal electricity can also be produced from the hot springs with the help of technologies.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Challenges</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Nepal’s mineral resources themselves have become the curse, says geologist Kafle. “From mountain to Terai, minerals are scattered all over the country. But we have failed to cash in them. Otherwise, we would have made remarkable economic progresses,” adds he. “Mineral exploration, mine development and establishment of a mineral based industry normally require large investment, sound technical know-how and long gestation period. We lack these all.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">It’s a fact, in a money-crunch country like ours, Foreign Direct Investment is a must to explore and utilize petroleum and other mineral resources, says another geologist KC. “The government of Nepal is not able to sufficiently finance the research and exploration of the mines and minerals. Usually the government provides the Department with Rs 3 to 3.5 million annually. This amount is not enough for us,” adds he. “ On the other hand, it is a global practice that the government rather than doing the exploration works by itself, invites companies for the exploration and investment. Even the powerful countries like USA, Norway, Saudi Arabia, etc invite the companies for the investment.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Further, there are high risk, uncertainty and long return period involved in mineral exploration and mining. And if the private sector is to invest in it, the government must develop infrastructures like road, electricity and telecom in the mineral deposit sites. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Yet another biggest problem is that the three laws of Nepal - Mines and Minerals Act, Forestry Act and Local Self Governance Act contradict with each other.&nbsp; For instance, the forest authorities impose tax on everything inside a forest, while the mining authorities say it is different and come under the mining rules and regulations. And the local government bodies such as District Development Committees (DDCs), Village Development Committees (VDCs) and municipalities claim the same taxation rights over the same resources. It is imperative that, to clear ambiguities, the government must make one window policy of tax mobilization vis-à-vis mines and minerals. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Way Ahead</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Capable technicians at the Department of Mines and Geology are frequently leaving the country in absence of career prospects and there is no significant entry of new technical manpower at the Department. Such a situation may cause severe hindrance to mining activities in the country. Further, the haphazard pebble and gravel mining activities, such as those in Nallu, Lele and Chapagaun villages of southern Lalitpur may lead to environmental degradation. Development should always be healthy, balanced and eco-friendly. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">For public scrutiny, it is extremely difficult to extract information from the Department and to some extent, from the Department of Industry. Mines and mineral related information should not be stored but disseminated and exposed through publications and media campaign on a regular basis. Mining potentials must be publicised so as to lure the potential investors and create awareness among the policymakers. This very thing is lacking in Nepal. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">At least for the moment, only if the petroleum exploration works in the 7 leased blocks could enter the phase of drilling; it could be a silver lining to all those who wish to see the works moving ahead on a fast track. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">T</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">he Chaudhary Group (CG) of Nepal has joined hands with Thailand based InVision Hospitality with a plan to open 30 hotels across Asia by 2013.&nbsp; For this purpose, a company called Zinc | InVision Hospitality (ZIH) has been formed as a joint venture of InVision Hospitality and the Singapore based investment company Cinnovation | CG, which is part of Chaudhary Group family. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">According to a press release issued announcing this, the growth will be financed in part by Z-I Capital Partners, which, the statement says, is the investment fund set up by the current Zinc | InVision Hospitality partners and fortified by other investors. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">InVision Hospitality currently manages five properties in Thailand, states the press statement. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Cinnovation | CG holds 51 per cent of the initial fund of ZIH which is $170-180 million, states the release. The remaining 49 per cent is held by InVision, it adds. The fund will be invested on 30 hotels across Asia, including Nepal, Thailand, UAE, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, China and Malaysia. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Zinc | InVision Hospitality has seven hotel and hospitality brands already developed: Zinc City, GLOW STUDIOS, Zinc Edge, Zinc Living, Zinc Journey, SOMA, and Touch by Zinc. The statement says, “Each one caters to a unique market segment -- luxury resorts, hip business hotels, value-oriented urban travelers, long-stay and residential living, heritage travel, and spa and wellness retreats.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Out of 30 hotels, GLOW STUDIOS, Edge deluxe hotels, The Farm, a Touch by Zinc spa and wellness retreat will also be established in Nepal by 2013 while the latter by 2011. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Cinnovation | CG Executive Director Rahul Chaudhary said, “I am excited and extremely confident about bringing the innovative hotel brands we have created within ZIH to the global market. We aim to succeed by anticipating social trends and the emerging demands of hotel customers and matching these with well designed hotels and well trained staff.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Company CEO, Kevin Beauvais announcing the new company said, “The creation of Zinc | InVision Hospitality marks the arrival of a formidable hotel management company and fresh brand offerings in the Asian hotel and hospitality arena. Cinnovation | CG has the financial depth and hospitality background to support the growth while InVision has the depth of experience and hospitality know-how to execute all elements of technical, sales and marketing and operating activities. We expect phoenix-like growth in the next few years.” <br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">he commercial banks of the country have reported a heavy decline in their return on equity and return on asset in the current fiscal year as a result of increase in their cost of funds. According to the reports of the banks, their return on equity was 17.95 per cent in the first quarter of this fiscal year as compared to 23.44 per cent in the same period last year. The return on asset too has come down to 1.81 per cent this year compared to 1.96 per cent last year. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The report also shows that the cost of funds of the banks has increased from 5.23 per cent in the first quarter of the previous year to 7.52 this year. </span></span></p>
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	<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The only bank that enjoyed a decrease in the cost of funds is Agriculture Development Bank (from 6.57 per cent to 5.21). Laxmi Bank had the highest cost of funds (11.8 per cent) in the first quarter of the current fiscal year while the lowest was that of Nepal Bank Ltd. (2.63 per cent). The cost of funds is lower in the government-owned banks and in the relatively older banks. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp; N</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">epal is on the way to become self-reliant within seven months if the work at the six cement factories goes on as scheduled and start production on the target dates.&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Five of these new factories are to produce clinker on their own. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The combined production capacity of these six factories would be 5,000 tonnes per day. The total investment combined in these factories is said to be Rs 12.55 billion. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Dhruba Thapa, vice president of Nepal Cement Industries Association said, “Now our own production can meet the national demand.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Nepal’s present cement demand is estimated at around 3 million metric tonnes a year. Domestic producers are supplying around 1.5 to 2 million metric tonnes. Remaining demand is fulfilled by imports, mainly from India. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Among the six new cement factories, two in Dang are scheduled to go operational by mid-April. Of the two, Ghorahi Cement has the capacity of 1800 tonnes per day (TPD) while that of Sonapur Cement is 750 tpd. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Likewise, Shivam Cement (1200 tpd) in Hetauda of Makwanpur is planning to start production by August. Similarly, while the Rolpa Cement (500 tpd) is planning to start production by July, Nigale Cement in Dhankuta is to begin production by April.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Since one such equipment costs between Rs 15 million to 150 million, it is impossible to import it without bank finance, say entrepreneurs. Rajan Shrestha at Continental Trading Enterprises, the authorised distributor of Komtasu, said the banks provide 70 to 80 per cent loan to purchase such heavy equipments. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">utwal Power Company (BPC) is upgrading&nbsp; the power generation capacity of Andhikhola Hydroelectricity Project in Syangja. BPC is adding 4.3 Megawatt (MW) to the current 5.1 MW powerhouse. According to the company, the preparations are in the final stage.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, the local people have been protesting the program complaining that the company did not take their consent for the project.</span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">arious trade unions have begun joint homework to revise the minimum wage rate and other compensations to the workers. Bishnu Rimal, President of General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions (GEFONT) said, as the current minimum wage of Rs 4,650 per month is not enough to sustain the life due to increasing inflation, preparations are underway to hike the wage. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meanwhile, tourism sector workers have demanded the authorities concerned for a raise in their compensation. All Nepal Hotel and Restaurant Workers Union (ANHRWU) has demanded for minimum Rs 10 thousand as wage and transparency in the distribution of the money collected by way of 10 per cent service charge.&nbsp; The 15-point demand sheet presented by the Union also asks to collect in the social security fund the money that is collected by the government as 1 per cent social security tax. Prakash Shrestha, General Secretary of ANHRWU also said that the workers must get additional Rs 5,000 in the existing salary. He added that the salary and wages must be incremented every two years to adjust with the price rise. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">The Ministry of Finance has proposed to form a supreme authority to monitor and supervise all the sectoral regulating bodies. If the proposal of the Ministry is implemented, there will be an apex body that will regulate the existing and future regulators of such services such as banking and financial services, the capital market, air services, insurance and telecommunication businesses, and legal and accounting services. Finance Secretary Rameshwore Khanal confirmed that the Ministry has started discussion with the other government bodies concerned on the idea of forming such a super regulator. Though he did not clarify the reason behind the concept, senior officers in the Ministry indicated that the idea cropped up after the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN) failed to take action against the chartered accountants who were found helping some businesses to swindle billions of rupees in taxes by presenting fake VAT invoices. This was confirmed indirectly by Keshav Acharya, Senior Economic Advisor at the Ministry who complained that similar weaknesses are noticed in some other regulating authorities as well. Finance Minister Surendra Pandey is strongly advocating for such authority. Pandey has been complaining that as the regulators concerned are not&nbsp; taking actions in time, the government has been forced to come forward and take those actions. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T</span><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">he airline catering facility operated in Kathmandu by Soaltee Crowne Plaza and LSG Sky Chefs has received Halal certification. </span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LSG Skychefs’ Kathmandu Kitchen offers around 1800 airline meals per day to international flight operators like Qatar Airways, Gulf Air, Etihad Airways, Dragon Air, China Southern Airlines, GMG Airlines and Nepal Airlines. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">The Association already has the right to issue mountaineering permits for 33 peaks. According to Sherpa, the mountains for which NMA is demanding the authority are unknown to the tourists so far and need publicity. He added that the NMA has already started publicity about these peaks. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">However, Laxman Bhattarai, Spokesperson at the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (MOTCA) said the demand is being processed by the Ministry. He also added that as the ministry itself is issuing permits to such peaks, it may not be necessary for granting NMA the authority. “There can be no guarantee that more tourists will come if the permit is issued by the Association,” he added </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Currently, 326 mountain peaks are open for climbing but no climbing attempts have been made as yet for 110 of them. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 13pt;">J</span>agadamba Spinning Mills of Bhairahawa is planning to produce non-woven fabric used to make bags and sacks. The mill is setting up a new plant for the purpose. </p>
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	Bishnu Prasad Neupane, Managing Director of Jagadamba Spinning said the production would begin by mid-March, 2011. The plant is being installed with the investment of Rs 140 million. Its capacity will be five tonnes per day, said Neupane. According to him, as the demand in the country is hardly a ton per day, the company is planning to export to India and other countries. </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Meanwhile, the company is also planning to expand its capacity to produce polyester yarn from current 27 tonnes a day to 33 tonnes. According to Neupane, Rs 70 million is being invested for the purpose. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: &quot;Franklin Gothic Demi Cond&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">FNCCI Signs MOU with WTCA</span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 18pt;">F</span>ederation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) and World Trade Centre Association (WTCA), USA have signed an MOU for the promotion of trade between the two countries. </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">According to the MOU, signed by FNCCI President Kush Kumar Joshi, both FNCCI and WTCA will cooperate in identifying the potential investment opportunities in Nepal and USA. For this, they will exchange information and organise trade fairs in the two countries. Another point in the MOU provides for cooperation in identifying and promoting Nepali products that have potential to export to USA. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span class="MyriadPro"><span franklin="" gothic="">(Review for 20 Dec, 2010- 19 Jan, 2011)</span></span></span></p>
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	 </p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><i><span lucida="" style="line-height: 120%;">By Bikram Chitrakar</span></i></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><b><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	T</span></b><span aldine401="" color:="">he Nepali share market was filled with some optimism after closing the review period at the highest point as the political situation looked like improving. That was supported by the hope that the financial reports for second quarter of the fiscal year from the listed companies will show improvement in their performance. The benchmark Nepse index advanced 12.98 points or 3.21% to settle at 404.33. The session's high was on 27 December, 2010 with 407.72 while session's low was at the opening with 391.35 on 20 December, 2010.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	The understanding reached between major parties to bring the Maoist combatants under the Special Committee headed by the Prime Minister has added hope that the peace process is heading towards the right direction. However investors were cautious as the formation of the new government is still uncertain.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	However, some hopeful developments are reported also from the regulators side. For example, Securities Board (SEBON) has formed a committee under the leadership of its Chairman Dr. Surbir Poudyal to formulate a five-year master plan to develop the securities market with technical assistance of the World Bank. Similarly, Nepal Stock Exchange (Nepse) has formed a company CDS and Clearing Ltd as a subsidiary to introduce and manage the central depository system. Though another company called Nepal Central Depository and Clearing Ltd was formed earlier with Nepse and the commercial banks as the shareholders, that company could not go ahead due to dispute between Nepse and the commercial banks about how to account for the Indian assistance received for this purpose. </span></span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	</span></span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span color:="" franklin="" gothic="">Performance by Sector</span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span><span color:="" franklin="" gothic=""><br />
	</span></span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="" letter-spacing:="">The commercial banking sector which holds the largest share in the trade volume in Nepal Stock Exchange gained 23.75 points or 6.41% to close at 370.77 during the review period. Similarly, hydropower sector was up by 32.33 points to rest at 717.09. Hotel sector accelerated 18.81 points or 4.16% to settle at 452.36 while manufacturing sector went up 7.78 points along with 4.71 points growth in tradings sector. Insurance sub-index went up 3.49 points while others sector increased 2.35 points to close at 477.38 and 522.85 respectively.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;<br />
	Sensitive index that measured the performance of 94 blue chips surged 3.78 points or 3.79% to 99.76 while, the float index calculated on the basis of real transaction ascended 1.02 points to 34.58. Total of Rs 492,513,784 was realised during the review period from 1,985,844 units of shares traded via 30,739 transactions.<br />
	<br />
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="" letter-spacing:="">&nbsp;The accompanying figure depicts the sector-wise distribution based on the total volume of trade. As usual, majority of the trade was in the banking sector with 46.60% while finance sector accounted for 21.55%. Development bank occupied 15.27% and the remaining sectors made up for the rest.</span></span></p>
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	Technically, Simple Moving Average (SMA) is performing high in the short term. However its sustainability is not supported by transaction volume. Shortfall in the volume of trade may lead the index down while it is still gloomy in the long term. <br />
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	<strong><span style="font-size:12px;"><i><span aldine401="" color:="" style="line-height: 115%;">(The writer is a stock analyst with Jamb Technologies Pvt Ltd)&nbsp; <br />
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	<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 120%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><b><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Hari Bhakta Upadhyay Adhikari</span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Gemstone Expert</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Without technical knowledge, it is impossible to go ahead in this. There should be academic courses in the universities on gemstones. The students should be provided with technical and theoretical knowledge. Training centres should be set up in the East, West and Kathmandu. For that, a budget of Rs 50 million would be sufficient to begin with.</span> <br />
	</span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Being a civil engineer, what attracted you towards gemstones?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">In my 25 years long career with the government, I reached a lot of places in Nepal. I was interested in herbs too. Working as an engineer, I also went on gathering information on gemstones of Nepal. With a technical background, it was easier for me to understand them. After I took up voluntary retirement from government job in 1991, I began intensive study on gemstones. I studied a lot of literatures on gemstones. Based on my study of 18 years, I have written two volumes of a book on gemstones named ‘Nepal Ratna’. These books are helpful to gain knowledge on precious stones.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Where did you find the major concentration of such stones?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">In Kaligandaki river, ruby, sapphire, tourmaline and jasper are available. Trishuli river is a treasure house of Topaz. Madi, Phidim and Karnali rivers have garnet. Narayani, Trishuli and Mahakali rivers have kyanite, quartz and jasper. Taplejung, Manang, Sankhuwasabha, Bhojpur, Jajarkot, Achham, Bardiya, Kalikot, Lamjung and Dhankuta have emerald, ruby, sapphire, beryl and other precious stone. Similarly, corundum, topaz, quartz, garnet, aquamarine, opal, jade, moonstone are found in Nepali mountains from east to west. In Ganesh Himal, I had found a mountain of ruby.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">You ‘had’ found a mountain of ruby. Isn’t it there now?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Nepal Metal Company was established in 1976 with Hyderabad Industries Limited, Government of Nepal and ordinary Nepali people as shareholders.&nbsp; After Nepal Government and the Indian company, the largest shareholder was Mohan Gopal Khetan and he was very influential in the company. I too had some shares. At the 14th annual general meeting of the company in 1995, I raised a strong voice that the ruby extracted from Ganesh Himal was being exported without authorisation. The meeting formed a seven member investigation committee with me as its head. But none of the members agreed to go to Ganesh Himal with me to investigate. Later I found that someone had told them that Mohan Gopal Khetan might cause them great harm. So, I too did not go there at that time. Later in 1996 when I went there, the hillock that I had identified earlier as the deposit of ruby was blasted out. The mound of 15 metre width and eight metre height was estimated to contain 19 metric tonnes of ruby. However, though the ruby from the hill was taken away like that, there still is a very high potential of ruby deposit in the 60 hectares area around that destroyed hill.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What would be the value of the ruby there? </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Ruby now is priced at Rs 17,000 per carat. Five carats make one gram. So one gram is worth Rs 85,000. That means, the 19 tonnes of ruby converted into money at today’s price would be sufficient to meet the government budget of Nepal for 500 years at today’s budget size. The then royal palace played major role in taking out rubies from there.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Despite such immense availability of gemstones, why is nothing being done?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">There is utter lack of human resource with good knowledge of gemstones. Even the department of mines under the government does not have a gemstone expert. There are no academic courses in this field so there is no possibility of gemstone experts being developed for the future. The government must do something urgently in this.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What have you done personally towards it?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">After I began studying gemstones, I felt the serious lack of human resource. Then at my own cost, I established Gemstone Research and Training Centre and began providing trainings. But, now I have discontinued it due to the power outage. Till now I have trained 80 persons on identifying gemstones, cutting and polishing them, cutting with the use of modern machines for export quality finish, carving hole with the ultrasonic drill machine and identifying and certifying the stones. I have been providing trainings too going to different offices under the Department of Cottage and Small Industries. And I have also designed a training course to be given by the Department on finishing gemstones.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What are your trainees doing now?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Some are running their own businesses. Some others are working in this sector at Thamel and in Bhaktapur and Surkhet.&nbsp; But most of them are not in this field. Due to the lack of capital, they have not been able to mine the stones and run factories to process them.&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What about government licensed gemstone exploration or mining?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">&nbsp;There are very few people who are in gemstone mining with government license.&nbsp; Most of the mines are illegal. I have heard that tonnes of raw gemstones are exported every month to Jaipur in India.&nbsp; Nepali ruby, sapphire, tourmaline and aquamarine are exported to Japan, Germany, America, Singapore, Switzerland, Belgium, Sri Lanka and South Africa. But I have not come to know anyone who holds a license to mine ruby, sapphire and aquamarine. Quartz is mined at Dhading, Gorkha, Rasuwa, Darchula, Bajhang and Sindhupalchowk. Similarly, aquamarine is collected from Taplejung and Rasuwa while Tourmaline is collected from Manang and Jajarkot. Garnet is mined from Sankhuwasabha and Ruby and Quartz from Dhading.&nbsp; These stones are mined without license and exported. The government has failed to see that.</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Didn’t you talk to the government for cooperation on locating and mining the gemstone deposits?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">I talked to Sahana Pradhan and Hridayesh Tripathi when they were Ministers of Industry but they declined the request citing the lack of budget. I have talked to the Department of Mines and Geology time and again. But nobody cares. In fact the Department does not have experts. So I am focused on producing qualified human resource.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What do you suggest as the most important thing to do in this field?&nbsp; </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Without technical knowledge, it is impossible to go ahead in this. There should be academic courses in the universities on gemstones. The students should be provided with technical and theoretical knowledge. Training centres should be set up in the East, West and Kathmandu. For that, a budget of Rs 50 million would be sufficient to begin with. I am 81 years old now. I wish to see three training centres coming into operation within my lifetime. If that happens, hundreds of thousands of Nepalis would get employed and Nepal’s economy would turn around.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">How do you see the future of gemstones in Nepal?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span calibri="" letter-spacing:="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Water resource helps the economy in an indirect way. The electricity generated from water should be first used to run factories and produce goods which can then be exported to get the money. But, gemstones can be sold straight from the mine. Nothing is being done in Nepal in this sector. I believe the kyanite (aluminium silicate) deposit of Nepal can meet the aluminium demand of the entire world. Similarly, gemstone kyanite costs US $ 1500 a gram. A truck full of such kyanite is illegally taken to India every month. The Customs Department and the police do not know about its value and usage as they are ignorant about the precious stones. The illegal mining and export must be stopped. If the government involves the private sector in this field, it can contribute more than hydro and herb resources do to the economy. </span><br />
	</span></p>',
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<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><b><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Krishna Prasad Kafle</span></b><br />
	</span></span></p>
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	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Mines Expert &amp;</span></span></span></p>
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	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Former Superintendent Geologist, Department of Mines and Geology</span></span></span></p>
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	 </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;">We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash on this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a result, the private investors were not attracted to it. Perhaps it can be attributed to the failure of the Department to give the required publicity about the mineral potentials of the country. <strong><br />
	</strong></span></p>
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	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">How is the situation of the mineral resources in Nepal?</span></span></strong></p>
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	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">During the Rana period, minerals like iron, copper, cobalt, lead, zinc were mined in different places. It was a compulsion to operate these mines as there was no other way to get such minerals in Nepal. Charcoal was used as the fuel to heat the ore to extract iron and copper from the ore. Such metals were used for making household utensils and farm implements. Iron extracted from Thoshey mine of today’s Ramechhap district was used for making gun barrels by the then government. Historical records show that nine barrels were produced in a day. The remains of the factory and traces of mine excavation can still be found there. Similarly copper and lead were mined in Baglung, Gulmi and Myagdi, and cobalt was mined in Arghakhanchi and Gulmi. Copper is available in many places. Copper mines of Marma, Khandeshwori and Siddhi Khani in the eastern Nepal are some of the well-known ones. In Myagdi and Baglung a lot of work was done on mining. Bhainse and Pandav mines in Myagdi district are a few examples. However, they were all in small scale. The studies in the course of 50 years by the Department of Mines and Geology have identified various minerals found in Nepal. Among them, some may not be viable to mine commercially at present but have possibility in the future when the price of such minerals may increase. As more studies are conducted and technology becomes cheaper, we may go ahead with excavation for such minerals.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What have these studies found about the estimated size of mineral deposits in Nepal? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The deposit size differs for different minerals. If you look at the iron mine of Fulchowki of Lalitpur, it is around 10 million tonnes. Similarly Thoshey mine has around 16 million tonnes of iron as per the estimate by the Department which is supported also by the study made by a new mining company interested in this mine. The Department has located lead, zinc, copper in different places. In non-metallic segment, limestone, used as basic raw material for cement industry, is found in huge quantity. A deposit of 1.25 billion tonnes of limestone has been proved and places have been identified with probable deposit of 1.50 billion tonnes. Based on these data, 29 licences have been issued for limestone excavation and 196 licenses for limestone exploration. Hetauda Cement, Udayapur Cement, Himal Cement and Annapurna Cement are the examples of the cement factories that are utilising the Nepali limestone.&nbsp; Now additional cement factories are set up or are being set up in Dang, Salyan and Rolpa utilising the limestone mines there. In Arghakhanchi, Dynasty Cement Company is already in operation. In Udayapur and Hetauda, new factories based on Nepali limestone mines are coming up. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Now many cement factories are using clinker imported from India. Currently 40 to 50 per cent of Nepal’s cement demand is supplied by local factories. As the new infrastructures are being set up in the country, the demand for cement is going up in the similar speed. So, cement industry have good prospects in Nepal. This increased demand can be met by cement produced in Nepal with Nepali limestone. Thus Nepal can be self-reliant on cement with the available limestone deposit.&nbsp; Gypsum is the other mineral required for cement production. Though that is not found in a large quantity so far, there is possibility to find it. Explorations and studies must be continued. Other minerals required for cement industry are coal and iron. Both of them are available in Nepal. If government issues licence and no local problems arise, Thoshey mine can supply the iron to Nepali cement industry. Gypsum can be imported from Bhutan and India. There is possibility to find it in the area around Pyuthan, Dailekh and Surkhet.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Then why could not Nepal cash in this wealth so far? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash in this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a result, the private investors were not attracted to it. Perhaps it can be attributed to the failure of the Department to give the required publicity about the mineral potentials of the country. The government has issued 451 licences for exploration of minerals and 80 more licenses are issued for excavation. Recently, the awareness about the importance of this sector is growing.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">People say that though the types of minerals found in Nepal is very large, the size of the deposits are so small that it is not economical to mine them. What is the exact situation? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">When we were studying a copper mine in Dadeldhura, we found gold, copper, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, bismuth and even cobalt from the same mine. It is a poly-metal sulphide deposit which can be used as multi mineral mine.&nbsp; The tendency is such that we look for a certain mineral and when we notice that the deposit size of that mineral is not economical, we leave that site without trying to explore about the presence of any other mineral there. There was a UNDP project conducted to explore minerals in Nepal and that too concentrated only on copper, lead and zinc, which are called base metals. If the project had explored for other minerals as well on the same mines that would have yielded significant benefits. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Places like Myagdi, Baglung, Parbat, Gorkha, Solukhumbu and Ilam have mineral deposits. Gemstones are available in Sankhuwasabha, Dhading, Rasuwa, Jajarkot, etc. Different places are suitable for different minerals. The minerals are scattered all over, from the mountains to the Terai. We have failed to make a commercial use of them. Had we utilised them in time, we would have made tremendous economic progress already. For example, the best high-grade magnesite deposit of South Asia is in Dolakha district. But unfortunately we failed to excavate it on time and take it to the market. With scientific advancements, even the medium grade magnesite has now become as good as the high-grade. As we don’t have internal market for dead burnt magnetite bricks, we have to export it to other countries where such bricks are used in industrial units that have high temperature furnaces. Such bricks can resist up to 2300<sup>0</sup> Celsius temperature while normal bricks can’t resist more than 700<sup>0</sup> Celsius. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What about other minerals such as gold? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The gold deposit in Nepali mines is very small. However, gold is priced very high. Therefore, though the quality of gold that can be mined in Nepal may be small, its value is high. Therefore, even if the deposit of this mineral is small, it can be economically beneficial to mine. Our rivers like Karnali, Chamelia, Seti, Bheri, Budhi Gandaki, Marsayangdi and Kali Gandaki have gold in their sands. Local fishermen search for gold ore in these rivers and sell it in the market. Such ores have 60 to 99 per cent of gold. Precious metals and precious stones like ruby, sapphire, tourmaline, aquamarine are highly priced. Therefore, though they may be in small quantity, their value is high and it is economical to mine them. Metals like gold, iron, copper and zinc have their own value. They are found in Nepal and have a good market.&nbsp; But in the absence of proper mining, most of them are wasted. The local people have a tendency to blast the mine. By doing so, some quantity is extracted, but the big pieces of the stones get destroyed in this process. They are doing so because they don’t know the proper method of mining. If they hire an engineer to help them mine it properly, it can give them better results. We have mines from small to medium size. We don’t have mines as big as the ones in Australia, China and Canada. In non-metallic segment, we have big limestone deposits.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What kind of possibilities you see for the contribution of mines and minerals sector to the economy?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">At present, the contribution of mines and minerals to the country’s GDP is estimated at around 0.4 per cent. This goes up to 2.4 percent if we consider mineral-based industries as well. If we utilise our resources properly, we can increase this to 15 per cent within a decade. This is only by utilising the identified mineral locations. If new ones can be found, the benefit will surely go up.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What do you suggest to address the environmental issues that crop up with mineral exploration? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">That reminds of Godavari Marbles. The company was doing well.&nbsp; It had market in Bangladesh and India. But the locals and environmental activists did not allow the mine to function properly. You cannot take out the minerals without digging up which may damage the environment. However, there are ways to minimise the damage. Moreover, though the environment is damaged when the digging is going on, the location can be rehabilitated and the damage replenished once the digging is completed. The mine can be rehabilitated by tree plantation, herbs farming, horticulture or building a resort. In some cases, it is possible to do the entire exploration as well as processing under the ground so that the noise and dust pollution can be minimised. Or the digging can be under the ground and the raw mineral can be transported through tunnels to a far-away location for processing. However, it is not possible to avoid some environmental damage as the opening to the mine is naturally over the ground.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">How is the commercial viability of petroleum mine and, metallic and non metallic mines? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The geological structure and study reports suggest the possibility for petroleum at different locations of Nepal. Oil migrates from one place to another if it can’t get tapped properly.&nbsp; On the basis of studies by the Government and foreign companies, Nepal’s Terai including Churia region is divided into 10 different blocks for petroleum exploration. Shell Netherlands drilled about 3.5 kilometres on the block No. 10 a few years ago and found it dry. Then the company left Nepal. Now Cairns Energy, a British company and Texana Resources, an American company are doing preliminary works like reassessing, evaluating the existing data, and analysing samples but they are not doing it in full scale. Seismic survey has to be done. Then blasting may be required in some places. And wires have to be laid extensively. But it is not possible to do all these at the current political situation of the country. So they are idle. The government has already received back what it has spent on these studies. The government has charged these companies around Rs 200 to 220 million. Among the 10 blocks, five blocks are taken by Cairns Energy and two by Texana. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Oil is being extracted in Assam in India and Potwar of Pakistan since 1970s. As Nepal lies in the same geographical belt, there must be petroleum in our country too. But we have not found it yet. So we can’t guarantee the presence of petroleum yet. In Dailekh we can see the petroleum seepage. Similarly, in Trans-Himalayan region too, we find traces of gas. That shows the possibility of petroleum gas.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Which minerals should get priority in exploration and excavation in Nepal in your opinion? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Among the precious metals, gold has to be prioritised and on base metals, copper, nickel and cobalt must be given attention. On non-metals, limestone, magnetite, dolomite, phosphorite and talc have to be given top priority. As these minerals have good prospects to be found and there is international market as well in these, we should explore them also in new places. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The government should increase its budget in mining sector. In the last fiscal year, Rs 20 million was collected by the Department of Mines through licensing. But the projects under it get only around Rs 3 to 3.5 million as their budget which is too little.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">There is a controversy going on in the mining of sand and stones. As a mining engineer, what is your take on it?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Rivers bring down sediments from the hilly region and deposit them on the plain areas where the water current is weak. It is a continuing process. If such sediments are not dug out it brings problem. It lifts the river bed and increases the risk of flooding. But extraction of such sediments must be sustainable and balanced. You should not take out more than what the river has brought down from the hills. The problem at present is that in some places these sediments are extracted extensively while at some places nothing is taken out. At some places, walls are built to save settlements from flooding but sands and stones are extracted even from the foundation of such walls. That is haphazard mining. There must be a mining engineer and a geologist in every Village Development Committee and District Development Committee so as to properly mobilise the resources.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What are the minerals in which the private sector has shown some interest recently? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Recent report of the Department shows there are 80 licensed mining companies. Some of them are in operation. Most of them are on limestone, coal, red clay, slate, magnesite and on semiprecious stones like kainite, tourmaline, marble and quartz.&nbsp; The licenses already issued cover 12 minerals.&nbsp; And the trend is growing.&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What are the biggest challenges and problems in utilising the hidden treasure called mineral resources of Nepal? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Minerals are mined, so they are also called hidden treasure. However some minerals are found on the surface as well, e.g. the boulders. The biggest problem is that the Mines and Minerals Act, Forestry Act and Local Self-governance Act have contradictory provisions.&nbsp; Forest authority imposes tax on everything in the forest while mining authority says the mines, even within the forests, are under the mining authority. On the other hand, the District Development Committee and Village Development Committee come up and say they have the right over the mine area within their locality. So, the miner ends up paying taxes to all these different authorities. The solution is to adopt one-window policy for tax collection. Three ministries should coordinate and make mining easy. Investors will pay tax when they generate income. Before that they generate employment.&nbsp; So they must be encouraged. If 10 cement factories produce 1000 tons of cement daily, they jointly create employment for 10 thousand people directly and another 20 thousand indirectly. That will have multiplier effect.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What kind of market prospects do you see if the minerals can be extracted? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The magnesite bricks will not be consumed in our country; not even five per cent.&nbsp; We have to search for international market. Surface transport costs much, so we cannot compete with other producers of magnesite.&nbsp; Therefore, we have to export it even though we have to provide special subsidy in its transport cost. Priority should be given to the minerals that can be used within the country, so that the import can be reduced and the trade deficit can be reduced.&nbsp; We can make good money if we export sand and stones to India and Bangladesh on time. Iron ore can be used within the country by the cement factories and iron mills.&nbsp; Other metals and precious stones have market everywhere in the world.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Which five minerals would you like to specify as having the maximum commercial potentials?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Limestone is the most prominent. Then it is talc. Similarly important is magnesite as its mine operation is not difficult. If plants can be made and products taken to market, it has huge prospects. Only problem is of the fuel. A lot of coal is required. Kathmandu has natural methane gas reserve of 320 million cubic metres. It must be brought to the market. Precious and semiprecious stones, high priced metals and base metals must be highly prioritised.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">It seems that the mineral sector studies are very few and difficult to find. Why is it so? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span calibri="" letter-spacing:="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">There are a number of research activities carried out, but not on the desired speed and scale. The problem is that the study reports are not made available to the public in a manner that makes them easily accessible to all those interested on it, by paying reasonable fee. This is essential to attract investors. About 60-65 minerals are said to be found in Nepal. Economic viability of such minerals has been changing over the time. For example, once gold was available in Kathmandu for Rs 9 to 10 thousand per 10 grams. That time, the Nepali gold mines were naturally uneconomic. Now that the gold price has increased to Rs 30-40,000 per 10 grams, the same mines may be economical. An authority should be designated to make the decisions regarding which mine should be brought into operation and which to keep on hold.</span><br />
	</span></p>',
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			'description' => 'We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash on this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a',
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		'Article' => array(
			'id' => '232',
			'article_category_id' => '40',
			'title' => 'Mining The Prospects',
			'sub_title' => '',
			'summary' => null,
			'content' => '<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><i><span aldine401="" bt="" serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">By M Rijal &amp; Gaurav Aryal&nbsp; </span></i><br />
	</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 2.85pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">T</span><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">he present contribution of mines and mineral industries to Nepal’s GDP stands at around 2.4 per cent and it may rise to as high as 15 per cent in the next 10 years. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">“We are talking about the previously identified mineral resources only,” says Krishna Prasad Kafle, a geologist and mines expert. “Once new mineral resources like petroleum are discovered, the contribution to GDP will far exceed even the present forecast of 15 per cent.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">The future might look bright; the present situation, however, is still bleak. The fact is that Nepal is a net importer of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron and steel, aluminum, gypsum, salt, petroleum and high grade coal, among other minerals and mine-based products. “We can change the situation,” adds Kafle. “Nepal has tremendous mining prospects – let’s not doubt this fact. The geology of Nepal itself is the evidence to it.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Petroleum Prospects </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Sporadic oil exploration works in Nepal were first recorded in the 1930s. However, the first drilling was done only in 1989 in Radhanagar, near the eastern city of Biratnagar. The place is now Ward No 9 of Bahune VDC in Morang district <i>(see picture)</i>. Netherland’s Shell Company was involved in the drilling. The company drilled some 3520 metres beneath, but the “well” was found dry. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">“Only if the company had gone little bit deeper, there was a chance to discover the hydrocarbon (petroleum) deposits,” claims a geologist on condition of anonymity. “As fate would have it, India had imposed economic blockade on Nepal at the same time. Drilling machineries had to be imported from India. The total daily operating cost of drilling sky-rocketed to as high as Rs 30 to 35 thousand (not adjusted with inflation). The company ultimately abandoned its plan of going deeper.”&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">The Petroleum Exploration Promotion Project was set up within the Department of Mines and Geology. It gave momentum to exploration. So far, the Project has performed Airborne Magnetic Survey in 48 thousand sq km, photo-geological study in 60 thousand sq km, Reflection Seismic Survey in some 5 thousand line km, Gravity Survey in the entire Terai region, and Source and Seal Study in entire Nepal. Most significantly, the Department identified 10 <i>probable petroleum deposits</i> blocks in 1985. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">“Nepal’s whole Terai and Churia range are the most potential petroleum blocks in Nepal,” says Shyam Bahadur KC, the Acting Project Chief. “This is the region constituting all 10 blocks identified for oil exploration.” Each block is of some 5 thousand sq km in area and is named from the west to the east <i>(see Table 1)</i>. The Nepalgunj and Chitwan Blocks (3 and 5, respectively) were leased to Texana Resources, Huston, USA in 1998. But the company postponed exploration works in 2000 citing security reasons. The company is said to have almost completed preparing various maps but has not revealed further as to what would be next. Five Blocks - 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7, respectively, were awarded to UK-based Cairns Energy in 2004. The company postponed works for four years and resumed in December 2009. The company is involved in developing the complete maps first. As for the remaining three Blocks - 8, 9 and 10, the government is preparing to award contracts through a bidding process most probably in the next fiscal year (2011/12). <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">As for the reasons for so many researches-planned focusing on the Terai and adjoining Churia range, the geologists have firm belief that Nepal’s Terai is similar in geography to the sub-Himalayan plains of Pakistan and India where hydrocarbon deposits were discovered and are extracted on commercial scale. The Potwar Basin of Pakistan and Digboy of Assam in India are mining hubs in the sub-Himalayan region. “From among the 10 Blocks, if we discover even a single medium size oil well, it can transform the economy of Nepal beyond anybody’s imagination,” KC asserts in an optimistic tone.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
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	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">The evidence of Nepal’s hydrocarbon deposits can be seen as the gas and oil seepages in various parts of Dailekh district in mid-west Nepal. For instance, the oil seeps at Padukasthan represent “biodegraded” light oil with geological source, whereas the gas seeps at Navisthan and Sristhan are of “thermogenic” origin, according to geologists. Further, the proportion of higher “homologs (C2-C5)” in the seepages of Dailekh district suggests gases associated with oil. The threat, however, in terms of capitalizing the potential hidden oil wells is that “hydrocarbon deposits are mobile by nature”. If not tapped in time, the whole petroleum reserves may move from one place to another even crossing the man-made boundary of any country – this is what most of the geologists fear in Nepal. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Cement: On the Way to Abundance </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">Among all non-metallic minerals, excavation of limestone – the basic element to produce cement, has increased substantially in the recent years. Limestone is in abundance in the country and predictions are that Nepal has a chance to be fully self-dependant on cement by the next seven months (August 2011). Some six new industries are coming to the fore, in addition to the existing 30 cement industries. “We can now be hopeful that the domestic industries may fully sustain the demand for cement,” says Dhruba Thapa, Vice President, Nepal Cement Industries’ Association. The industries, however, still have to import clinker, which is produced from limestone and used for cement production, from India. As of today, some 30 companies have received limestone mining permission from the Department of Mines and Geology, whereas 167 companies have received the limestone prospecting (exploration) license from the Department. And more than 60 companies have received the license to operate a cement industry from the Department of Industry. In Nepal, the volume of limestone deposits (of cement grade) is believed to be over 1.25 billion metric tons, according to the Department sources.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">As for other non-metallic mineral resources except cement, there are possibilities for unearthing dolomite, phosphorite, magnesite, talc, mica, ceramic clay / red clay, silica sand, salt, barites, calcite deposit and diatomite, etc, from various parts of the country. There are also possibilities for mining precious and semi-precious gemstones such as tourmaline, beryl / aquamarine, garnets, kyanites, rubies / sapphire and quartz crystals. Decorative stones such as marble, granites, quartzites and slate can also be mined. Construction materials such as boulders, cobbles and pebbles are also in plenty while fuel mineral like coal too has commercial prospect. As for the operating mines, there are a few in the country. For instance, mining of marble is being done from Godavari (Lalitpur) and Anekot (Kavre); pebbles are mined from almost every riverside and low-hills and are even exported to India’s booming construction industry. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Metallic Minerals</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">In Nepal, the iron ore prospects and deposits are reported in 85 locations and the copper in 107 locations, zinc and lead in 49 locations, cobalt at least in 4 locations and nickel in at least 5 locations. At present, a Chinese company is involved in the mining of iron in Thoshe, Ramechhap. As for gold, there is no mine in operation as of today, but it is frequently winnowed out from the gravel and sediments of around a dozen rivers like Mahakali, Bheri, Rapti, Kaligandaki and Sunkoshi. Primary gold occurrences have been reported from Lungri Khola area in Rolpa; Banga Bagar, Gorang and Jamari Gad in Baitadi; and Bamangau in Dadeldhura. These areas are, however, yet to be explored extensively. The Department of Mines and Geology thinks that once the mining licenses are issued, the mines will automatically get the status of “operating mines”. As the Department has no mechanism to cross-check the facts going to the field, there is a compulsion to assume that the license holder mines are really operating. Same is the case for gold and other minerals. Two licenses have been issued to mine gold and are taken as the operating mines in the Department’s list without further evidence. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">As for Uranium, which is radioactive and so, a highly valued mineral, is also reported to have some deposits in Nepal. The sites are Jagati in Bhaktapur and Shiva Puri area in Kathmandu; Tin Bhangaley, Chandi Khola and Chiruwa Khola in Makwanpur; Buka Khola in Sindhuli; Janmari Gad, Banga Bagar and Gorang in Baitadi; and some traces in Chameliya river in Darchula. “Among the potential uranium sites, Tin Bhangaley (Makwanpur) and Gorang (Baitadi) prospects appear attractive, but economic evaluation of these sites are yet to be performed,” says geologist Kafle.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Methane Gas and Other Minerals</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Kathmandu valley that incorporates three districts of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur is rich in methane gas deposits. The Department of Mines and Geology explored this gas in 26 sq km area in the valley and it was proved that 316 million cubic metre of methane gas deposit is available for commercial purpose. But it still remains unexploited. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">Nepal is also affluent in other miscellaneous mineral resources. For instance, there are some 23 geothermal hot springs in Nepal. They are found in the vicinities of rivers like Mahakali, Marshyangdi, Trishuli, Kodari and Surai Khola, among others. The temperature of the hot spring water remains generally in between 40°C to 115°C. The hot springs can be utilized for tourism purpose, as people enjoy taking a bath into it. It is also believed that the hot springs have the healing power in illnesses like backache and arthritis. Thermal electricity can also be produced from the hot springs with the help of technologies.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Challenges</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Nepal’s mineral resources themselves have become the curse, says geologist Kafle. “From mountain to Terai, minerals are scattered all over the country. But we have failed to cash in them. Otherwise, we would have made remarkable economic progresses,” adds he. “Mineral exploration, mine development and establishment of a mineral based industry normally require large investment, sound technical know-how and long gestation period. We lack these all.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">It’s a fact, in a money-crunch country like ours, Foreign Direct Investment is a must to explore and utilize petroleum and other mineral resources, says another geologist KC. “The government of Nepal is not able to sufficiently finance the research and exploration of the mines and minerals. Usually the government provides the Department with Rs 3 to 3.5 million annually. This amount is not enough for us,” adds he. “ On the other hand, it is a global practice that the government rather than doing the exploration works by itself, invites companies for the exploration and investment. Even the powerful countries like USA, Norway, Saudi Arabia, etc invite the companies for the investment.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Further, there are high risk, uncertainty and long return period involved in mineral exploration and mining. And if the private sector is to invest in it, the government must develop infrastructures like road, electricity and telecom in the mineral deposit sites. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Yet another biggest problem is that the three laws of Nepal - Mines and Minerals Act, Forestry Act and Local Self Governance Act contradict with each other.&nbsp; For instance, the forest authorities impose tax on everything inside a forest, while the mining authorities say it is different and come under the mining rules and regulations. And the local government bodies such as District Development Committees (DDCs), Village Development Committees (VDCs) and municipalities claim the same taxation rights over the same resources. It is imperative that, to clear ambiguities, the government must make one window policy of tax mobilization vis-à-vis mines and minerals. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Way Ahead</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Capable technicians at the Department of Mines and Geology are frequently leaving the country in absence of career prospects and there is no significant entry of new technical manpower at the Department. Such a situation may cause severe hindrance to mining activities in the country. Further, the haphazard pebble and gravel mining activities, such as those in Nallu, Lele and Chapagaun villages of southern Lalitpur may lead to environmental degradation. Development should always be healthy, balanced and eco-friendly. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">For public scrutiny, it is extremely difficult to extract information from the Department and to some extent, from the Department of Industry. Mines and mineral related information should not be stored but disseminated and exposed through publications and media campaign on a regular basis. Mining potentials must be publicised so as to lure the potential investors and create awareness among the policymakers. This very thing is lacking in Nepal. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">At least for the moment, only if the petroleum exploration works in the 7 leased blocks could enter the phase of drilling; it could be a silver lining to all those who wish to see the works moving ahead on a fast track. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">T</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">he Chaudhary Group (CG) of Nepal has joined hands with Thailand based InVision Hospitality with a plan to open 30 hotels across Asia by 2013.&nbsp; For this purpose, a company called Zinc | InVision Hospitality (ZIH) has been formed as a joint venture of InVision Hospitality and the Singapore based investment company Cinnovation | CG, which is part of Chaudhary Group family. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">According to a press release issued announcing this, the growth will be financed in part by Z-I Capital Partners, which, the statement says, is the investment fund set up by the current Zinc | InVision Hospitality partners and fortified by other investors. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">InVision Hospitality currently manages five properties in Thailand, states the press statement. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Cinnovation | CG holds 51 per cent of the initial fund of ZIH which is $170-180 million, states the release. The remaining 49 per cent is held by InVision, it adds. The fund will be invested on 30 hotels across Asia, including Nepal, Thailand, UAE, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, China and Malaysia. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Zinc | InVision Hospitality has seven hotel and hospitality brands already developed: Zinc City, GLOW STUDIOS, Zinc Edge, Zinc Living, Zinc Journey, SOMA, and Touch by Zinc. The statement says, “Each one caters to a unique market segment -- luxury resorts, hip business hotels, value-oriented urban travelers, long-stay and residential living, heritage travel, and spa and wellness retreats.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Out of 30 hotels, GLOW STUDIOS, Edge deluxe hotels, The Farm, a Touch by Zinc spa and wellness retreat will also be established in Nepal by 2013 while the latter by 2011. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Cinnovation | CG Executive Director Rahul Chaudhary said, “I am excited and extremely confident about bringing the innovative hotel brands we have created within ZIH to the global market. We aim to succeed by anticipating social trends and the emerging demands of hotel customers and matching these with well designed hotels and well trained staff.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Company CEO, Kevin Beauvais announcing the new company said, “The creation of Zinc | InVision Hospitality marks the arrival of a formidable hotel management company and fresh brand offerings in the Asian hotel and hospitality arena. Cinnovation | CG has the financial depth and hospitality background to support the growth while InVision has the depth of experience and hospitality know-how to execute all elements of technical, sales and marketing and operating activities. We expect phoenix-like growth in the next few years.” <br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">he commercial banks of the country have reported a heavy decline in their return on equity and return on asset in the current fiscal year as a result of increase in their cost of funds. According to the reports of the banks, their return on equity was 17.95 per cent in the first quarter of this fiscal year as compared to 23.44 per cent in the same period last year. The return on asset too has come down to 1.81 per cent this year compared to 1.96 per cent last year. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The report also shows that the cost of funds of the banks has increased from 5.23 per cent in the first quarter of the previous year to 7.52 this year. </span></span></p>
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	<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The only bank that enjoyed a decrease in the cost of funds is Agriculture Development Bank (from 6.57 per cent to 5.21). Laxmi Bank had the highest cost of funds (11.8 per cent) in the first quarter of the current fiscal year while the lowest was that of Nepal Bank Ltd. (2.63 per cent). The cost of funds is lower in the government-owned banks and in the relatively older banks. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp; N</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">epal is on the way to become self-reliant within seven months if the work at the six cement factories goes on as scheduled and start production on the target dates.&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Five of these new factories are to produce clinker on their own. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The combined production capacity of these six factories would be 5,000 tonnes per day. The total investment combined in these factories is said to be Rs 12.55 billion. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Dhruba Thapa, vice president of Nepal Cement Industries Association said, “Now our own production can meet the national demand.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Nepal’s present cement demand is estimated at around 3 million metric tonnes a year. Domestic producers are supplying around 1.5 to 2 million metric tonnes. Remaining demand is fulfilled by imports, mainly from India. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Among the six new cement factories, two in Dang are scheduled to go operational by mid-April. Of the two, Ghorahi Cement has the capacity of 1800 tonnes per day (TPD) while that of Sonapur Cement is 750 tpd. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Likewise, Shivam Cement (1200 tpd) in Hetauda of Makwanpur is planning to start production by August. Similarly, while the Rolpa Cement (500 tpd) is planning to start production by July, Nigale Cement in Dhankuta is to begin production by April.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Since one such equipment costs between Rs 15 million to 150 million, it is impossible to import it without bank finance, say entrepreneurs. Rajan Shrestha at Continental Trading Enterprises, the authorised distributor of Komtasu, said the banks provide 70 to 80 per cent loan to purchase such heavy equipments. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, the local people have been protesting the program complaining that the company did not take their consent for the project.</span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">The Ministry of Finance has proposed to form a supreme authority to monitor and supervise all the sectoral regulating bodies. If the proposal of the Ministry is implemented, there will be an apex body that will regulate the existing and future regulators of such services such as banking and financial services, the capital market, air services, insurance and telecommunication businesses, and legal and accounting services. Finance Secretary Rameshwore Khanal confirmed that the Ministry has started discussion with the other government bodies concerned on the idea of forming such a super regulator. Though he did not clarify the reason behind the concept, senior officers in the Ministry indicated that the idea cropped up after the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN) failed to take action against the chartered accountants who were found helping some businesses to swindle billions of rupees in taxes by presenting fake VAT invoices. This was confirmed indirectly by Keshav Acharya, Senior Economic Advisor at the Ministry who complained that similar weaknesses are noticed in some other regulating authorities as well. Finance Minister Surendra Pandey is strongly advocating for such authority. Pandey has been complaining that as the regulators concerned are not&nbsp; taking actions in time, the government has been forced to come forward and take those actions. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T</span><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">he airline catering facility operated in Kathmandu by Soaltee Crowne Plaza and LSG Sky Chefs has received Halal certification. </span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LSG Skychefs’ Kathmandu Kitchen offers around 1800 airline meals per day to international flight operators like Qatar Airways, Gulf Air, Etihad Airways, Dragon Air, China Southern Airlines, GMG Airlines and Nepal Airlines. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">N</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">epal Mountaineering Association (NMA) has asked the government to grant it the right to issue permits to climb 23 additional peaks.&nbsp; Zimba Zangbu Sherpa, president of the NMA, said the demand is made with the aim to attract more tourists to scale more mountains during Nepal Tourism Year 2011 when international mountaineering conferences is being hosted in Nepal by NMA. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">The Association already has the right to issue mountaineering permits for 33 peaks. According to Sherpa, the mountains for which NMA is demanding the authority are unknown to the tourists so far and need publicity. He added that the NMA has already started publicity about these peaks. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">However, Laxman Bhattarai, Spokesperson at the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (MOTCA) said the demand is being processed by the Ministry. He also added that as the ministry itself is issuing permits to such peaks, it may not be necessary for granting NMA the authority. “There can be no guarantee that more tourists will come if the permit is issued by the Association,” he added </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Currently, 326 mountain peaks are open for climbing but no climbing attempts have been made as yet for 110 of them. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 13pt;">J</span>agadamba Spinning Mills of Bhairahawa is planning to produce non-woven fabric used to make bags and sacks. The mill is setting up a new plant for the purpose. </p>
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	Bishnu Prasad Neupane, Managing Director of Jagadamba Spinning said the production would begin by mid-March, 2011. The plant is being installed with the investment of Rs 140 million. Its capacity will be five tonnes per day, said Neupane. According to him, as the demand in the country is hardly a ton per day, the company is planning to export to India and other countries. </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Meanwhile, the company is also planning to expand its capacity to produce polyester yarn from current 27 tonnes a day to 33 tonnes. According to Neupane, Rs 70 million is being invested for the purpose. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: &quot;Franklin Gothic Demi Cond&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">FNCCI Signs MOU with WTCA</span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 18pt;">F</span>ederation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) and World Trade Centre Association (WTCA), USA have signed an MOU for the promotion of trade between the two countries. </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">According to the MOU, signed by FNCCI President Kush Kumar Joshi, both FNCCI and WTCA will cooperate in identifying the potential investment opportunities in Nepal and USA. For this, they will exchange information and organise trade fairs in the two countries. Another point in the MOU provides for cooperation in identifying and promoting Nepali products that have potential to export to USA. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span class="MyriadPro"><span franklin="" gothic="">(Review for 20 Dec, 2010- 19 Jan, 2011)</span></span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><i><span lucida="" style="line-height: 120%;">By Bikram Chitrakar</span></i></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><b><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	T</span></b><span aldine401="" color:="">he Nepali share market was filled with some optimism after closing the review period at the highest point as the political situation looked like improving. That was supported by the hope that the financial reports for second quarter of the fiscal year from the listed companies will show improvement in their performance. The benchmark Nepse index advanced 12.98 points or 3.21% to settle at 404.33. The session's high was on 27 December, 2010 with 407.72 while session's low was at the opening with 391.35 on 20 December, 2010.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	The understanding reached between major parties to bring the Maoist combatants under the Special Committee headed by the Prime Minister has added hope that the peace process is heading towards the right direction. However investors were cautious as the formation of the new government is still uncertain.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	However, some hopeful developments are reported also from the regulators side. For example, Securities Board (SEBON) has formed a committee under the leadership of its Chairman Dr. Surbir Poudyal to formulate a five-year master plan to develop the securities market with technical assistance of the World Bank. Similarly, Nepal Stock Exchange (Nepse) has formed a company CDS and Clearing Ltd as a subsidiary to introduce and manage the central depository system. Though another company called Nepal Central Depository and Clearing Ltd was formed earlier with Nepse and the commercial banks as the shareholders, that company could not go ahead due to dispute between Nepse and the commercial banks about how to account for the Indian assistance received for this purpose. </span></span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	</span></span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span color:="" franklin="" gothic="">Performance by Sector</span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span><span color:="" franklin="" gothic=""><br />
	</span></span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="" letter-spacing:="">The commercial banking sector which holds the largest share in the trade volume in Nepal Stock Exchange gained 23.75 points or 6.41% to close at 370.77 during the review period. Similarly, hydropower sector was up by 32.33 points to rest at 717.09. Hotel sector accelerated 18.81 points or 4.16% to settle at 452.36 while manufacturing sector went up 7.78 points along with 4.71 points growth in tradings sector. Insurance sub-index went up 3.49 points while others sector increased 2.35 points to close at 477.38 and 522.85 respectively.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;<br />
	Sensitive index that measured the performance of 94 blue chips surged 3.78 points or 3.79% to 99.76 while, the float index calculated on the basis of real transaction ascended 1.02 points to 34.58. Total of Rs 492,513,784 was realised during the review period from 1,985,844 units of shares traded via 30,739 transactions.<br />
	<br />
	</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="" letter-spacing:="">&nbsp;The accompanying figure depicts the sector-wise distribution based on the total volume of trade. As usual, majority of the trade was in the banking sector with 46.60% while finance sector accounted for 21.55%. Development bank occupied 15.27% and the remaining sectors made up for the rest.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;<br />
	Technically, Simple Moving Average (SMA) is performing high in the short term. However its sustainability is not supported by transaction volume. Shortfall in the volume of trade may lead the index down while it is still gloomy in the long term. <br />
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	<strong><span style="font-size:12px;"><i><span aldine401="" color:="" style="line-height: 115%;">(The writer is a stock analyst with Jamb Technologies Pvt Ltd)&nbsp; <br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 120%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><b><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Hari Bhakta Upadhyay Adhikari</span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Gemstone Expert</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Without technical knowledge, it is impossible to go ahead in this. There should be academic courses in the universities on gemstones. The students should be provided with technical and theoretical knowledge. Training centres should be set up in the East, West and Kathmandu. For that, a budget of Rs 50 million would be sufficient to begin with.</span> <br />
	</span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Being a civil engineer, what attracted you towards gemstones?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">In my 25 years long career with the government, I reached a lot of places in Nepal. I was interested in herbs too. Working as an engineer, I also went on gathering information on gemstones of Nepal. With a technical background, it was easier for me to understand them. After I took up voluntary retirement from government job in 1991, I began intensive study on gemstones. I studied a lot of literatures on gemstones. Based on my study of 18 years, I have written two volumes of a book on gemstones named ‘Nepal Ratna’. These books are helpful to gain knowledge on precious stones.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Where did you find the major concentration of such stones?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">In Kaligandaki river, ruby, sapphire, tourmaline and jasper are available. Trishuli river is a treasure house of Topaz. Madi, Phidim and Karnali rivers have garnet. Narayani, Trishuli and Mahakali rivers have kyanite, quartz and jasper. Taplejung, Manang, Sankhuwasabha, Bhojpur, Jajarkot, Achham, Bardiya, Kalikot, Lamjung and Dhankuta have emerald, ruby, sapphire, beryl and other precious stone. Similarly, corundum, topaz, quartz, garnet, aquamarine, opal, jade, moonstone are found in Nepali mountains from east to west. In Ganesh Himal, I had found a mountain of ruby.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">You ‘had’ found a mountain of ruby. Isn’t it there now?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Nepal Metal Company was established in 1976 with Hyderabad Industries Limited, Government of Nepal and ordinary Nepali people as shareholders.&nbsp; After Nepal Government and the Indian company, the largest shareholder was Mohan Gopal Khetan and he was very influential in the company. I too had some shares. At the 14th annual general meeting of the company in 1995, I raised a strong voice that the ruby extracted from Ganesh Himal was being exported without authorisation. The meeting formed a seven member investigation committee with me as its head. But none of the members agreed to go to Ganesh Himal with me to investigate. Later I found that someone had told them that Mohan Gopal Khetan might cause them great harm. So, I too did not go there at that time. Later in 1996 when I went there, the hillock that I had identified earlier as the deposit of ruby was blasted out. The mound of 15 metre width and eight metre height was estimated to contain 19 metric tonnes of ruby. However, though the ruby from the hill was taken away like that, there still is a very high potential of ruby deposit in the 60 hectares area around that destroyed hill.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What would be the value of the ruby there? </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Ruby now is priced at Rs 17,000 per carat. Five carats make one gram. So one gram is worth Rs 85,000. That means, the 19 tonnes of ruby converted into money at today’s price would be sufficient to meet the government budget of Nepal for 500 years at today’s budget size. The then royal palace played major role in taking out rubies from there.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Despite such immense availability of gemstones, why is nothing being done?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">There is utter lack of human resource with good knowledge of gemstones. Even the department of mines under the government does not have a gemstone expert. There are no academic courses in this field so there is no possibility of gemstone experts being developed for the future. The government must do something urgently in this.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What have you done personally towards it?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">After I began studying gemstones, I felt the serious lack of human resource. Then at my own cost, I established Gemstone Research and Training Centre and began providing trainings. But, now I have discontinued it due to the power outage. Till now I have trained 80 persons on identifying gemstones, cutting and polishing them, cutting with the use of modern machines for export quality finish, carving hole with the ultrasonic drill machine and identifying and certifying the stones. I have been providing trainings too going to different offices under the Department of Cottage and Small Industries. And I have also designed a training course to be given by the Department on finishing gemstones.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What are your trainees doing now?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Some are running their own businesses. Some others are working in this sector at Thamel and in Bhaktapur and Surkhet.&nbsp; But most of them are not in this field. Due to the lack of capital, they have not been able to mine the stones and run factories to process them.&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What about government licensed gemstone exploration or mining?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">&nbsp;There are very few people who are in gemstone mining with government license.&nbsp; Most of the mines are illegal. I have heard that tonnes of raw gemstones are exported every month to Jaipur in India.&nbsp; Nepali ruby, sapphire, tourmaline and aquamarine are exported to Japan, Germany, America, Singapore, Switzerland, Belgium, Sri Lanka and South Africa. But I have not come to know anyone who holds a license to mine ruby, sapphire and aquamarine. Quartz is mined at Dhading, Gorkha, Rasuwa, Darchula, Bajhang and Sindhupalchowk. Similarly, aquamarine is collected from Taplejung and Rasuwa while Tourmaline is collected from Manang and Jajarkot. Garnet is mined from Sankhuwasabha and Ruby and Quartz from Dhading.&nbsp; These stones are mined without license and exported. The government has failed to see that.</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Didn’t you talk to the government for cooperation on locating and mining the gemstone deposits?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">I talked to Sahana Pradhan and Hridayesh Tripathi when they were Ministers of Industry but they declined the request citing the lack of budget. I have talked to the Department of Mines and Geology time and again. But nobody cares. In fact the Department does not have experts. So I am focused on producing qualified human resource.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What do you suggest as the most important thing to do in this field?&nbsp; </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Without technical knowledge, it is impossible to go ahead in this. There should be academic courses in the universities on gemstones. The students should be provided with technical and theoretical knowledge. Training centres should be set up in the East, West and Kathmandu. For that, a budget of Rs 50 million would be sufficient to begin with. I am 81 years old now. I wish to see three training centres coming into operation within my lifetime. If that happens, hundreds of thousands of Nepalis would get employed and Nepal’s economy would turn around.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">How do you see the future of gemstones in Nepal?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span calibri="" letter-spacing:="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Water resource helps the economy in an indirect way. The electricity generated from water should be first used to run factories and produce goods which can then be exported to get the money. But, gemstones can be sold straight from the mine. Nothing is being done in Nepal in this sector. I believe the kyanite (aluminium silicate) deposit of Nepal can meet the aluminium demand of the entire world. Similarly, gemstone kyanite costs US $ 1500 a gram. A truck full of such kyanite is illegally taken to India every month. The Customs Department and the police do not know about its value and usage as they are ignorant about the precious stones. The illegal mining and export must be stopped. If the government involves the private sector in this field, it can contribute more than hydro and herb resources do to the economy. </span><br />
	</span></p>',
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<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><b><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Krishna Prasad Kafle</span></b><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 120%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Mines Expert &amp;</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Former Superintendent Geologist, Department of Mines and Geology</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;">We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash on this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a result, the private investors were not attracted to it. Perhaps it can be attributed to the failure of the Department to give the required publicity about the mineral potentials of the country. <strong><br />
	</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">How is the situation of the mineral resources in Nepal?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">During the Rana period, minerals like iron, copper, cobalt, lead, zinc were mined in different places. It was a compulsion to operate these mines as there was no other way to get such minerals in Nepal. Charcoal was used as the fuel to heat the ore to extract iron and copper from the ore. Such metals were used for making household utensils and farm implements. Iron extracted from Thoshey mine of today’s Ramechhap district was used for making gun barrels by the then government. Historical records show that nine barrels were produced in a day. The remains of the factory and traces of mine excavation can still be found there. Similarly copper and lead were mined in Baglung, Gulmi and Myagdi, and cobalt was mined in Arghakhanchi and Gulmi. Copper is available in many places. Copper mines of Marma, Khandeshwori and Siddhi Khani in the eastern Nepal are some of the well-known ones. In Myagdi and Baglung a lot of work was done on mining. Bhainse and Pandav mines in Myagdi district are a few examples. However, they were all in small scale. The studies in the course of 50 years by the Department of Mines and Geology have identified various minerals found in Nepal. Among them, some may not be viable to mine commercially at present but have possibility in the future when the price of such minerals may increase. As more studies are conducted and technology becomes cheaper, we may go ahead with excavation for such minerals.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What have these studies found about the estimated size of mineral deposits in Nepal? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The deposit size differs for different minerals. If you look at the iron mine of Fulchowki of Lalitpur, it is around 10 million tonnes. Similarly Thoshey mine has around 16 million tonnes of iron as per the estimate by the Department which is supported also by the study made by a new mining company interested in this mine. The Department has located lead, zinc, copper in different places. In non-metallic segment, limestone, used as basic raw material for cement industry, is found in huge quantity. A deposit of 1.25 billion tonnes of limestone has been proved and places have been identified with probable deposit of 1.50 billion tonnes. Based on these data, 29 licences have been issued for limestone excavation and 196 licenses for limestone exploration. Hetauda Cement, Udayapur Cement, Himal Cement and Annapurna Cement are the examples of the cement factories that are utilising the Nepali limestone.&nbsp; Now additional cement factories are set up or are being set up in Dang, Salyan and Rolpa utilising the limestone mines there. In Arghakhanchi, Dynasty Cement Company is already in operation. In Udayapur and Hetauda, new factories based on Nepali limestone mines are coming up. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Now many cement factories are using clinker imported from India. Currently 40 to 50 per cent of Nepal’s cement demand is supplied by local factories. As the new infrastructures are being set up in the country, the demand for cement is going up in the similar speed. So, cement industry have good prospects in Nepal. This increased demand can be met by cement produced in Nepal with Nepali limestone. Thus Nepal can be self-reliant on cement with the available limestone deposit.&nbsp; Gypsum is the other mineral required for cement production. Though that is not found in a large quantity so far, there is possibility to find it. Explorations and studies must be continued. Other minerals required for cement industry are coal and iron. Both of them are available in Nepal. If government issues licence and no local problems arise, Thoshey mine can supply the iron to Nepali cement industry. Gypsum can be imported from Bhutan and India. There is possibility to find it in the area around Pyuthan, Dailekh and Surkhet.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Then why could not Nepal cash in this wealth so far? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash in this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a result, the private investors were not attracted to it. Perhaps it can be attributed to the failure of the Department to give the required publicity about the mineral potentials of the country. The government has issued 451 licences for exploration of minerals and 80 more licenses are issued for excavation. Recently, the awareness about the importance of this sector is growing.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">People say that though the types of minerals found in Nepal is very large, the size of the deposits are so small that it is not economical to mine them. What is the exact situation? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">When we were studying a copper mine in Dadeldhura, we found gold, copper, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, bismuth and even cobalt from the same mine. It is a poly-metal sulphide deposit which can be used as multi mineral mine.&nbsp; The tendency is such that we look for a certain mineral and when we notice that the deposit size of that mineral is not economical, we leave that site without trying to explore about the presence of any other mineral there. There was a UNDP project conducted to explore minerals in Nepal and that too concentrated only on copper, lead and zinc, which are called base metals. If the project had explored for other minerals as well on the same mines that would have yielded significant benefits. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Places like Myagdi, Baglung, Parbat, Gorkha, Solukhumbu and Ilam have mineral deposits. Gemstones are available in Sankhuwasabha, Dhading, Rasuwa, Jajarkot, etc. Different places are suitable for different minerals. The minerals are scattered all over, from the mountains to the Terai. We have failed to make a commercial use of them. Had we utilised them in time, we would have made tremendous economic progress already. For example, the best high-grade magnesite deposit of South Asia is in Dolakha district. But unfortunately we failed to excavate it on time and take it to the market. With scientific advancements, even the medium grade magnesite has now become as good as the high-grade. As we don’t have internal market for dead burnt magnetite bricks, we have to export it to other countries where such bricks are used in industrial units that have high temperature furnaces. Such bricks can resist up to 2300<sup>0</sup> Celsius temperature while normal bricks can’t resist more than 700<sup>0</sup> Celsius. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What about other minerals such as gold? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The gold deposit in Nepali mines is very small. However, gold is priced very high. Therefore, though the quality of gold that can be mined in Nepal may be small, its value is high. Therefore, even if the deposit of this mineral is small, it can be economically beneficial to mine. Our rivers like Karnali, Chamelia, Seti, Bheri, Budhi Gandaki, Marsayangdi and Kali Gandaki have gold in their sands. Local fishermen search for gold ore in these rivers and sell it in the market. Such ores have 60 to 99 per cent of gold. Precious metals and precious stones like ruby, sapphire, tourmaline, aquamarine are highly priced. Therefore, though they may be in small quantity, their value is high and it is economical to mine them. Metals like gold, iron, copper and zinc have their own value. They are found in Nepal and have a good market.&nbsp; But in the absence of proper mining, most of them are wasted. The local people have a tendency to blast the mine. By doing so, some quantity is extracted, but the big pieces of the stones get destroyed in this process. They are doing so because they don’t know the proper method of mining. If they hire an engineer to help them mine it properly, it can give them better results. We have mines from small to medium size. We don’t have mines as big as the ones in Australia, China and Canada. In non-metallic segment, we have big limestone deposits.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What kind of possibilities you see for the contribution of mines and minerals sector to the economy?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">At present, the contribution of mines and minerals to the country’s GDP is estimated at around 0.4 per cent. This goes up to 2.4 percent if we consider mineral-based industries as well. If we utilise our resources properly, we can increase this to 15 per cent within a decade. This is only by utilising the identified mineral locations. If new ones can be found, the benefit will surely go up.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What do you suggest to address the environmental issues that crop up with mineral exploration? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">That reminds of Godavari Marbles. The company was doing well.&nbsp; It had market in Bangladesh and India. But the locals and environmental activists did not allow the mine to function properly. You cannot take out the minerals without digging up which may damage the environment. However, there are ways to minimise the damage. Moreover, though the environment is damaged when the digging is going on, the location can be rehabilitated and the damage replenished once the digging is completed. The mine can be rehabilitated by tree plantation, herbs farming, horticulture or building a resort. In some cases, it is possible to do the entire exploration as well as processing under the ground so that the noise and dust pollution can be minimised. Or the digging can be under the ground and the raw mineral can be transported through tunnels to a far-away location for processing. However, it is not possible to avoid some environmental damage as the opening to the mine is naturally over the ground.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">How is the commercial viability of petroleum mine and, metallic and non metallic mines? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The geological structure and study reports suggest the possibility for petroleum at different locations of Nepal. Oil migrates from one place to another if it can’t get tapped properly.&nbsp; On the basis of studies by the Government and foreign companies, Nepal’s Terai including Churia region is divided into 10 different blocks for petroleum exploration. Shell Netherlands drilled about 3.5 kilometres on the block No. 10 a few years ago and found it dry. Then the company left Nepal. Now Cairns Energy, a British company and Texana Resources, an American company are doing preliminary works like reassessing, evaluating the existing data, and analysing samples but they are not doing it in full scale. Seismic survey has to be done. Then blasting may be required in some places. And wires have to be laid extensively. But it is not possible to do all these at the current political situation of the country. So they are idle. The government has already received back what it has spent on these studies. The government has charged these companies around Rs 200 to 220 million. Among the 10 blocks, five blocks are taken by Cairns Energy and two by Texana. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Oil is being extracted in Assam in India and Potwar of Pakistan since 1970s. As Nepal lies in the same geographical belt, there must be petroleum in our country too. But we have not found it yet. So we can’t guarantee the presence of petroleum yet. In Dailekh we can see the petroleum seepage. Similarly, in Trans-Himalayan region too, we find traces of gas. That shows the possibility of petroleum gas.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Which minerals should get priority in exploration and excavation in Nepal in your opinion? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Among the precious metals, gold has to be prioritised and on base metals, copper, nickel and cobalt must be given attention. On non-metals, limestone, magnetite, dolomite, phosphorite and talc have to be given top priority. As these minerals have good prospects to be found and there is international market as well in these, we should explore them also in new places. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The government should increase its budget in mining sector. In the last fiscal year, Rs 20 million was collected by the Department of Mines through licensing. But the projects under it get only around Rs 3 to 3.5 million as their budget which is too little.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">There is a controversy going on in the mining of sand and stones. As a mining engineer, what is your take on it?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Rivers bring down sediments from the hilly region and deposit them on the plain areas where the water current is weak. It is a continuing process. If such sediments are not dug out it brings problem. It lifts the river bed and increases the risk of flooding. But extraction of such sediments must be sustainable and balanced. You should not take out more than what the river has brought down from the hills. The problem at present is that in some places these sediments are extracted extensively while at some places nothing is taken out. At some places, walls are built to save settlements from flooding but sands and stones are extracted even from the foundation of such walls. That is haphazard mining. There must be a mining engineer and a geologist in every Village Development Committee and District Development Committee so as to properly mobilise the resources.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What are the minerals in which the private sector has shown some interest recently? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Recent report of the Department shows there are 80 licensed mining companies. Some of them are in operation. Most of them are on limestone, coal, red clay, slate, magnesite and on semiprecious stones like kainite, tourmaline, marble and quartz.&nbsp; The licenses already issued cover 12 minerals.&nbsp; And the trend is growing.&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What are the biggest challenges and problems in utilising the hidden treasure called mineral resources of Nepal? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Minerals are mined, so they are also called hidden treasure. However some minerals are found on the surface as well, e.g. the boulders. The biggest problem is that the Mines and Minerals Act, Forestry Act and Local Self-governance Act have contradictory provisions.&nbsp; Forest authority imposes tax on everything in the forest while mining authority says the mines, even within the forests, are under the mining authority. On the other hand, the District Development Committee and Village Development Committee come up and say they have the right over the mine area within their locality. So, the miner ends up paying taxes to all these different authorities. The solution is to adopt one-window policy for tax collection. Three ministries should coordinate and make mining easy. Investors will pay tax when they generate income. Before that they generate employment.&nbsp; So they must be encouraged. If 10 cement factories produce 1000 tons of cement daily, they jointly create employment for 10 thousand people directly and another 20 thousand indirectly. That will have multiplier effect.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What kind of market prospects do you see if the minerals can be extracted? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The magnesite bricks will not be consumed in our country; not even five per cent.&nbsp; We have to search for international market. Surface transport costs much, so we cannot compete with other producers of magnesite.&nbsp; Therefore, we have to export it even though we have to provide special subsidy in its transport cost. Priority should be given to the minerals that can be used within the country, so that the import can be reduced and the trade deficit can be reduced.&nbsp; We can make good money if we export sand and stones to India and Bangladesh on time. Iron ore can be used within the country by the cement factories and iron mills.&nbsp; Other metals and precious stones have market everywhere in the world.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Which five minerals would you like to specify as having the maximum commercial potentials?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Limestone is the most prominent. Then it is talc. Similarly important is magnesite as its mine operation is not difficult. If plants can be made and products taken to market, it has huge prospects. Only problem is of the fuel. A lot of coal is required. Kathmandu has natural methane gas reserve of 320 million cubic metres. It must be brought to the market. Precious and semiprecious stones, high priced metals and base metals must be highly prioritised.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">It seems that the mineral sector studies are very few and difficult to find. Why is it so? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span calibri="" letter-spacing:="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">There are a number of research activities carried out, but not on the desired speed and scale. The problem is that the study reports are not made available to the public in a manner that makes them easily accessible to all those interested on it, by paying reasonable fee. This is essential to attract investors. About 60-65 minerals are said to be found in Nepal. Economic viability of such minerals has been changing over the time. For example, once gold was available in Kathmandu for Rs 9 to 10 thousand per 10 grams. That time, the Nepali gold mines were naturally uneconomic. Now that the gold price has increased to Rs 30-40,000 per 10 grams, the same mines may be economical. An authority should be designated to make the decisions regarding which mine should be brought into operation and which to keep on hold.</span><br />
	</span></p>',
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			'created' => '2011-02-27',
			'modified' => '2011-02-27',
			'keywords' => '',
			'description' => 'We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash on this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a',
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	(int) 2 => array(
		'Article' => array(
			'id' => '232',
			'article_category_id' => '40',
			'title' => 'Mining The Prospects',
			'sub_title' => '',
			'summary' => null,
			'content' => '<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><i><span aldine401="" bt="" serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">By M Rijal &amp; Gaurav Aryal&nbsp; </span></i><br />
	</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 2.85pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">T</span><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">he present contribution of mines and mineral industries to Nepal’s GDP stands at around 2.4 per cent and it may rise to as high as 15 per cent in the next 10 years. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">“We are talking about the previously identified mineral resources only,” says Krishna Prasad Kafle, a geologist and mines expert. “Once new mineral resources like petroleum are discovered, the contribution to GDP will far exceed even the present forecast of 15 per cent.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">The future might look bright; the present situation, however, is still bleak. The fact is that Nepal is a net importer of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron and steel, aluminum, gypsum, salt, petroleum and high grade coal, among other minerals and mine-based products. “We can change the situation,” adds Kafle. “Nepal has tremendous mining prospects – let’s not doubt this fact. The geology of Nepal itself is the evidence to it.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Petroleum Prospects </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Sporadic oil exploration works in Nepal were first recorded in the 1930s. However, the first drilling was done only in 1989 in Radhanagar, near the eastern city of Biratnagar. The place is now Ward No 9 of Bahune VDC in Morang district <i>(see picture)</i>. Netherland’s Shell Company was involved in the drilling. The company drilled some 3520 metres beneath, but the “well” was found dry. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">“Only if the company had gone little bit deeper, there was a chance to discover the hydrocarbon (petroleum) deposits,” claims a geologist on condition of anonymity. “As fate would have it, India had imposed economic blockade on Nepal at the same time. Drilling machineries had to be imported from India. The total daily operating cost of drilling sky-rocketed to as high as Rs 30 to 35 thousand (not adjusted with inflation). The company ultimately abandoned its plan of going deeper.”&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">The Petroleum Exploration Promotion Project was set up within the Department of Mines and Geology. It gave momentum to exploration. So far, the Project has performed Airborne Magnetic Survey in 48 thousand sq km, photo-geological study in 60 thousand sq km, Reflection Seismic Survey in some 5 thousand line km, Gravity Survey in the entire Terai region, and Source and Seal Study in entire Nepal. Most significantly, the Department identified 10 <i>probable petroleum deposits</i> blocks in 1985. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">“Nepal’s whole Terai and Churia range are the most potential petroleum blocks in Nepal,” says Shyam Bahadur KC, the Acting Project Chief. “This is the region constituting all 10 blocks identified for oil exploration.” Each block is of some 5 thousand sq km in area and is named from the west to the east <i>(see Table 1)</i>. The Nepalgunj and Chitwan Blocks (3 and 5, respectively) were leased to Texana Resources, Huston, USA in 1998. But the company postponed exploration works in 2000 citing security reasons. The company is said to have almost completed preparing various maps but has not revealed further as to what would be next. Five Blocks - 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7, respectively, were awarded to UK-based Cairns Energy in 2004. The company postponed works for four years and resumed in December 2009. The company is involved in developing the complete maps first. As for the remaining three Blocks - 8, 9 and 10, the government is preparing to award contracts through a bidding process most probably in the next fiscal year (2011/12). <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">As for the reasons for so many researches-planned focusing on the Terai and adjoining Churia range, the geologists have firm belief that Nepal’s Terai is similar in geography to the sub-Himalayan plains of Pakistan and India where hydrocarbon deposits were discovered and are extracted on commercial scale. The Potwar Basin of Pakistan and Digboy of Assam in India are mining hubs in the sub-Himalayan region. “From among the 10 Blocks, if we discover even a single medium size oil well, it can transform the economy of Nepal beyond anybody’s imagination,” KC asserts in an optimistic tone.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">The evidence of Nepal’s hydrocarbon deposits can be seen as the gas and oil seepages in various parts of Dailekh district in mid-west Nepal. For instance, the oil seeps at Padukasthan represent “biodegraded” light oil with geological source, whereas the gas seeps at Navisthan and Sristhan are of “thermogenic” origin, according to geologists. Further, the proportion of higher “homologs (C2-C5)” in the seepages of Dailekh district suggests gases associated with oil. The threat, however, in terms of capitalizing the potential hidden oil wells is that “hydrocarbon deposits are mobile by nature”. If not tapped in time, the whole petroleum reserves may move from one place to another even crossing the man-made boundary of any country – this is what most of the geologists fear in Nepal. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Cement: On the Way to Abundance </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">Among all non-metallic minerals, excavation of limestone – the basic element to produce cement, has increased substantially in the recent years. Limestone is in abundance in the country and predictions are that Nepal has a chance to be fully self-dependant on cement by the next seven months (August 2011). Some six new industries are coming to the fore, in addition to the existing 30 cement industries. “We can now be hopeful that the domestic industries may fully sustain the demand for cement,” says Dhruba Thapa, Vice President, Nepal Cement Industries’ Association. The industries, however, still have to import clinker, which is produced from limestone and used for cement production, from India. As of today, some 30 companies have received limestone mining permission from the Department of Mines and Geology, whereas 167 companies have received the limestone prospecting (exploration) license from the Department. And more than 60 companies have received the license to operate a cement industry from the Department of Industry. In Nepal, the volume of limestone deposits (of cement grade) is believed to be over 1.25 billion metric tons, according to the Department sources.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">As for other non-metallic mineral resources except cement, there are possibilities for unearthing dolomite, phosphorite, magnesite, talc, mica, ceramic clay / red clay, silica sand, salt, barites, calcite deposit and diatomite, etc, from various parts of the country. There are also possibilities for mining precious and semi-precious gemstones such as tourmaline, beryl / aquamarine, garnets, kyanites, rubies / sapphire and quartz crystals. Decorative stones such as marble, granites, quartzites and slate can also be mined. Construction materials such as boulders, cobbles and pebbles are also in plenty while fuel mineral like coal too has commercial prospect. As for the operating mines, there are a few in the country. For instance, mining of marble is being done from Godavari (Lalitpur) and Anekot (Kavre); pebbles are mined from almost every riverside and low-hills and are even exported to India’s booming construction industry. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Metallic Minerals</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">In Nepal, the iron ore prospects and deposits are reported in 85 locations and the copper in 107 locations, zinc and lead in 49 locations, cobalt at least in 4 locations and nickel in at least 5 locations. At present, a Chinese company is involved in the mining of iron in Thoshe, Ramechhap. As for gold, there is no mine in operation as of today, but it is frequently winnowed out from the gravel and sediments of around a dozen rivers like Mahakali, Bheri, Rapti, Kaligandaki and Sunkoshi. Primary gold occurrences have been reported from Lungri Khola area in Rolpa; Banga Bagar, Gorang and Jamari Gad in Baitadi; and Bamangau in Dadeldhura. These areas are, however, yet to be explored extensively. The Department of Mines and Geology thinks that once the mining licenses are issued, the mines will automatically get the status of “operating mines”. As the Department has no mechanism to cross-check the facts going to the field, there is a compulsion to assume that the license holder mines are really operating. Same is the case for gold and other minerals. Two licenses have been issued to mine gold and are taken as the operating mines in the Department’s list without further evidence. <br />
	</span></span></p>
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	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">As for Uranium, which is radioactive and so, a highly valued mineral, is also reported to have some deposits in Nepal. The sites are Jagati in Bhaktapur and Shiva Puri area in Kathmandu; Tin Bhangaley, Chandi Khola and Chiruwa Khola in Makwanpur; Buka Khola in Sindhuli; Janmari Gad, Banga Bagar and Gorang in Baitadi; and some traces in Chameliya river in Darchula. “Among the potential uranium sites, Tin Bhangaley (Makwanpur) and Gorang (Baitadi) prospects appear attractive, but economic evaluation of these sites are yet to be performed,” says geologist Kafle.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
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	 </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Methane Gas and Other Minerals</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Kathmandu valley that incorporates three districts of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur is rich in methane gas deposits. The Department of Mines and Geology explored this gas in 26 sq km area in the valley and it was proved that 316 million cubic metre of methane gas deposit is available for commercial purpose. But it still remains unexploited. <br />
	</span></span></p>
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	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">Nepal is also affluent in other miscellaneous mineral resources. For instance, there are some 23 geothermal hot springs in Nepal. They are found in the vicinities of rivers like Mahakali, Marshyangdi, Trishuli, Kodari and Surai Khola, among others. The temperature of the hot spring water remains generally in between 40°C to 115°C. The hot springs can be utilized for tourism purpose, as people enjoy taking a bath into it. It is also believed that the hot springs have the healing power in illnesses like backache and arthritis. Thermal electricity can also be produced from the hot springs with the help of technologies.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Challenges</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Nepal’s mineral resources themselves have become the curse, says geologist Kafle. “From mountain to Terai, minerals are scattered all over the country. But we have failed to cash in them. Otherwise, we would have made remarkable economic progresses,” adds he. “Mineral exploration, mine development and establishment of a mineral based industry normally require large investment, sound technical know-how and long gestation period. We lack these all.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">It’s a fact, in a money-crunch country like ours, Foreign Direct Investment is a must to explore and utilize petroleum and other mineral resources, says another geologist KC. “The government of Nepal is not able to sufficiently finance the research and exploration of the mines and minerals. Usually the government provides the Department with Rs 3 to 3.5 million annually. This amount is not enough for us,” adds he. “ On the other hand, it is a global practice that the government rather than doing the exploration works by itself, invites companies for the exploration and investment. Even the powerful countries like USA, Norway, Saudi Arabia, etc invite the companies for the investment.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
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	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Further, there are high risk, uncertainty and long return period involved in mineral exploration and mining. And if the private sector is to invest in it, the government must develop infrastructures like road, electricity and telecom in the mineral deposit sites. <br />
	</span></span></p>
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	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Yet another biggest problem is that the three laws of Nepal - Mines and Minerals Act, Forestry Act and Local Self Governance Act contradict with each other.&nbsp; For instance, the forest authorities impose tax on everything inside a forest, while the mining authorities say it is different and come under the mining rules and regulations. And the local government bodies such as District Development Committees (DDCs), Village Development Committees (VDCs) and municipalities claim the same taxation rights over the same resources. It is imperative that, to clear ambiguities, the government must make one window policy of tax mobilization vis-à-vis mines and minerals. <br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Way Ahead</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Capable technicians at the Department of Mines and Geology are frequently leaving the country in absence of career prospects and there is no significant entry of new technical manpower at the Department. Such a situation may cause severe hindrance to mining activities in the country. Further, the haphazard pebble and gravel mining activities, such as those in Nallu, Lele and Chapagaun villages of southern Lalitpur may lead to environmental degradation. Development should always be healthy, balanced and eco-friendly. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">For public scrutiny, it is extremely difficult to extract information from the Department and to some extent, from the Department of Industry. Mines and mineral related information should not be stored but disseminated and exposed through publications and media campaign on a regular basis. Mining potentials must be publicised so as to lure the potential investors and create awareness among the policymakers. This very thing is lacking in Nepal. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">At least for the moment, only if the petroleum exploration works in the 7 leased blocks could enter the phase of drilling; it could be a silver lining to all those who wish to see the works moving ahead on a fast track. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">T</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">he Chaudhary Group (CG) of Nepal has joined hands with Thailand based InVision Hospitality with a plan to open 30 hotels across Asia by 2013.&nbsp; For this purpose, a company called Zinc | InVision Hospitality (ZIH) has been formed as a joint venture of InVision Hospitality and the Singapore based investment company Cinnovation | CG, which is part of Chaudhary Group family. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">According to a press release issued announcing this, the growth will be financed in part by Z-I Capital Partners, which, the statement says, is the investment fund set up by the current Zinc | InVision Hospitality partners and fortified by other investors. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">InVision Hospitality currently manages five properties in Thailand, states the press statement. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Cinnovation | CG holds 51 per cent of the initial fund of ZIH which is $170-180 million, states the release. The remaining 49 per cent is held by InVision, it adds. The fund will be invested on 30 hotels across Asia, including Nepal, Thailand, UAE, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, China and Malaysia. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Zinc | InVision Hospitality has seven hotel and hospitality brands already developed: Zinc City, GLOW STUDIOS, Zinc Edge, Zinc Living, Zinc Journey, SOMA, and Touch by Zinc. The statement says, “Each one caters to a unique market segment -- luxury resorts, hip business hotels, value-oriented urban travelers, long-stay and residential living, heritage travel, and spa and wellness retreats.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Out of 30 hotels, GLOW STUDIOS, Edge deluxe hotels, The Farm, a Touch by Zinc spa and wellness retreat will also be established in Nepal by 2013 while the latter by 2011. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Cinnovation | CG Executive Director Rahul Chaudhary said, “I am excited and extremely confident about bringing the innovative hotel brands we have created within ZIH to the global market. We aim to succeed by anticipating social trends and the emerging demands of hotel customers and matching these with well designed hotels and well trained staff.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Company CEO, Kevin Beauvais announcing the new company said, “The creation of Zinc | InVision Hospitality marks the arrival of a formidable hotel management company and fresh brand offerings in the Asian hotel and hospitality arena. Cinnovation | CG has the financial depth and hospitality background to support the growth while InVision has the depth of experience and hospitality know-how to execute all elements of technical, sales and marketing and operating activities. We expect phoenix-like growth in the next few years.” <br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">he commercial banks of the country have reported a heavy decline in their return on equity and return on asset in the current fiscal year as a result of increase in their cost of funds. According to the reports of the banks, their return on equity was 17.95 per cent in the first quarter of this fiscal year as compared to 23.44 per cent in the same period last year. The return on asset too has come down to 1.81 per cent this year compared to 1.96 per cent last year. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The report also shows that the cost of funds of the banks has increased from 5.23 per cent in the first quarter of the previous year to 7.52 this year. </span></span></p>
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	<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The only bank that enjoyed a decrease in the cost of funds is Agriculture Development Bank (from 6.57 per cent to 5.21). Laxmi Bank had the highest cost of funds (11.8 per cent) in the first quarter of the current fiscal year while the lowest was that of Nepal Bank Ltd. (2.63 per cent). The cost of funds is lower in the government-owned banks and in the relatively older banks. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp; N</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">epal is on the way to become self-reliant within seven months if the work at the six cement factories goes on as scheduled and start production on the target dates.&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Five of these new factories are to produce clinker on their own. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The combined production capacity of these six factories would be 5,000 tonnes per day. The total investment combined in these factories is said to be Rs 12.55 billion. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Dhruba Thapa, vice president of Nepal Cement Industries Association said, “Now our own production can meet the national demand.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Nepal’s present cement demand is estimated at around 3 million metric tonnes a year. Domestic producers are supplying around 1.5 to 2 million metric tonnes. Remaining demand is fulfilled by imports, mainly from India. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Among the six new cement factories, two in Dang are scheduled to go operational by mid-April. Of the two, Ghorahi Cement has the capacity of 1800 tonnes per day (TPD) while that of Sonapur Cement is 750 tpd. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Likewise, Shivam Cement (1200 tpd) in Hetauda of Makwanpur is planning to start production by August. Similarly, while the Rolpa Cement (500 tpd) is planning to start production by July, Nigale Cement in Dhankuta is to begin production by April.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">nvestment of banks and finance companies on heavy equipment used for construction works has reached Rs 20 billion. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">According to Tara Bahadur Kunwar, President of Heavy Equipments Entrepreneurs Association, around 8,000 such equipments are imported annually and among them, 5,000 are financed by banks. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Since one such equipment costs between Rs 15 million to 150 million, it is impossible to import it without bank finance, say entrepreneurs. Rajan Shrestha at Continental Trading Enterprises, the authorised distributor of Komtasu, said the banks provide 70 to 80 per cent loan to purchase such heavy equipments. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">The Ministry of Finance has proposed to form a supreme authority to monitor and supervise all the sectoral regulating bodies. If the proposal of the Ministry is implemented, there will be an apex body that will regulate the existing and future regulators of such services such as banking and financial services, the capital market, air services, insurance and telecommunication businesses, and legal and accounting services. Finance Secretary Rameshwore Khanal confirmed that the Ministry has started discussion with the other government bodies concerned on the idea of forming such a super regulator. Though he did not clarify the reason behind the concept, senior officers in the Ministry indicated that the idea cropped up after the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN) failed to take action against the chartered accountants who were found helping some businesses to swindle billions of rupees in taxes by presenting fake VAT invoices. This was confirmed indirectly by Keshav Acharya, Senior Economic Advisor at the Ministry who complained that similar weaknesses are noticed in some other regulating authorities as well. Finance Minister Surendra Pandey is strongly advocating for such authority. Pandey has been complaining that as the regulators concerned are not&nbsp; taking actions in time, the government has been forced to come forward and take those actions. </span><br />
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			'title' => 'Halal Airline Catering From Kathmandu',
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T</span><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">he airline catering facility operated in Kathmandu by Soaltee Crowne Plaza and LSG Sky Chefs has received Halal certification. </span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LSG Skychefs’ Kathmandu Kitchen offers around 1800 airline meals per day to international flight operators like Qatar Airways, Gulf Air, Etihad Airways, Dragon Air, China Southern Airlines, GMG Airlines and Nepal Airlines. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">N</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">epal Mountaineering Association (NMA) has asked the government to grant it the right to issue permits to climb 23 additional peaks.&nbsp; Zimba Zangbu Sherpa, president of the NMA, said the demand is made with the aim to attract more tourists to scale more mountains during Nepal Tourism Year 2011 when international mountaineering conferences is being hosted in Nepal by NMA. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">The Association already has the right to issue mountaineering permits for 33 peaks. According to Sherpa, the mountains for which NMA is demanding the authority are unknown to the tourists so far and need publicity. He added that the NMA has already started publicity about these peaks. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">However, Laxman Bhattarai, Spokesperson at the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (MOTCA) said the demand is being processed by the Ministry. He also added that as the ministry itself is issuing permits to such peaks, it may not be necessary for granting NMA the authority. “There can be no guarantee that more tourists will come if the permit is issued by the Association,” he added </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Currently, 326 mountain peaks are open for climbing but no climbing attempts have been made as yet for 110 of them. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 13pt;">J</span>agadamba Spinning Mills of Bhairahawa is planning to produce non-woven fabric used to make bags and sacks. The mill is setting up a new plant for the purpose. </p>
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	Bishnu Prasad Neupane, Managing Director of Jagadamba Spinning said the production would begin by mid-March, 2011. The plant is being installed with the investment of Rs 140 million. Its capacity will be five tonnes per day, said Neupane. According to him, as the demand in the country is hardly a ton per day, the company is planning to export to India and other countries. </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Meanwhile, the company is also planning to expand its capacity to produce polyester yarn from current 27 tonnes a day to 33 tonnes. According to Neupane, Rs 70 million is being invested for the purpose. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: &quot;Franklin Gothic Demi Cond&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">FNCCI Signs MOU with WTCA</span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 18pt;">F</span>ederation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) and World Trade Centre Association (WTCA), USA have signed an MOU for the promotion of trade between the two countries. </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">According to the MOU, signed by FNCCI President Kush Kumar Joshi, both FNCCI and WTCA will cooperate in identifying the potential investment opportunities in Nepal and USA. For this, they will exchange information and organise trade fairs in the two countries. Another point in the MOU provides for cooperation in identifying and promoting Nepali products that have potential to export to USA. </span></p>',
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<p class="BODYTEXT">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span class="MyriadPro"><span franklin="" gothic="">(Review for 20 Dec, 2010- 19 Jan, 2011)</span></span></span></p>
<p class="BODYTEXT">
	 </p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><i><span lucida="" style="line-height: 120%;">By Bikram Chitrakar</span></i></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><b><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	T</span></b><span aldine401="" color:="">he Nepali share market was filled with some optimism after closing the review period at the highest point as the political situation looked like improving. That was supported by the hope that the financial reports for second quarter of the fiscal year from the listed companies will show improvement in their performance. The benchmark Nepse index advanced 12.98 points or 3.21% to settle at 404.33. The session's high was on 27 December, 2010 with 407.72 while session's low was at the opening with 391.35 on 20 December, 2010.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	The understanding reached between major parties to bring the Maoist combatants under the Special Committee headed by the Prime Minister has added hope that the peace process is heading towards the right direction. However investors were cautious as the formation of the new government is still uncertain.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	However, some hopeful developments are reported also from the regulators side. For example, Securities Board (SEBON) has formed a committee under the leadership of its Chairman Dr. Surbir Poudyal to formulate a five-year master plan to develop the securities market with technical assistance of the World Bank. Similarly, Nepal Stock Exchange (Nepse) has formed a company CDS and Clearing Ltd as a subsidiary to introduce and manage the central depository system. Though another company called Nepal Central Depository and Clearing Ltd was formed earlier with Nepse and the commercial banks as the shareholders, that company could not go ahead due to dispute between Nepse and the commercial banks about how to account for the Indian assistance received for this purpose. </span></span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	</span></span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span color:="" franklin="" gothic="">Performance by Sector</span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span><span color:="" franklin="" gothic=""><br />
	</span></span></strong></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="" letter-spacing:="">The commercial banking sector which holds the largest share in the trade volume in Nepal Stock Exchange gained 23.75 points or 6.41% to close at 370.77 during the review period. Similarly, hydropower sector was up by 32.33 points to rest at 717.09. Hotel sector accelerated 18.81 points or 4.16% to settle at 452.36 while manufacturing sector went up 7.78 points along with 4.71 points growth in tradings sector. Insurance sub-index went up 3.49 points while others sector increased 2.35 points to close at 477.38 and 522.85 respectively.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;<br />
	Sensitive index that measured the performance of 94 blue chips surged 3.78 points or 3.79% to 99.76 while, the float index calculated on the basis of real transaction ascended 1.02 points to 34.58. Total of Rs 492,513,784 was realised during the review period from 1,985,844 units of shares traded via 30,739 transactions.<br />
	<br />
	</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="" letter-spacing:="">&nbsp;The accompanying figure depicts the sector-wise distribution based on the total volume of trade. As usual, majority of the trade was in the banking sector with 46.60% while finance sector accounted for 21.55%. Development bank occupied 15.27% and the remaining sectors made up for the rest.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;<br />
	Technically, Simple Moving Average (SMA) is performing high in the short term. However its sustainability is not supported by transaction volume. Shortfall in the volume of trade may lead the index down while it is still gloomy in the long term. <br />
	<br />
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	<strong><span style="font-size:12px;"><i><span aldine401="" color:="" style="line-height: 115%;">(The writer is a stock analyst with Jamb Technologies Pvt Ltd)&nbsp; <br />
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	<br />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 120%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><b><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Hari Bhakta Upadhyay Adhikari</span></b></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Gemstone Expert</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Without technical knowledge, it is impossible to go ahead in this. There should be academic courses in the universities on gemstones. The students should be provided with technical and theoretical knowledge. Training centres should be set up in the East, West and Kathmandu. For that, a budget of Rs 50 million would be sufficient to begin with.</span> <br />
	</span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Being a civil engineer, what attracted you towards gemstones?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">In my 25 years long career with the government, I reached a lot of places in Nepal. I was interested in herbs too. Working as an engineer, I also went on gathering information on gemstones of Nepal. With a technical background, it was easier for me to understand them. After I took up voluntary retirement from government job in 1991, I began intensive study on gemstones. I studied a lot of literatures on gemstones. Based on my study of 18 years, I have written two volumes of a book on gemstones named ‘Nepal Ratna’. These books are helpful to gain knowledge on precious stones.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Where did you find the major concentration of such stones?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">In Kaligandaki river, ruby, sapphire, tourmaline and jasper are available. Trishuli river is a treasure house of Topaz. Madi, Phidim and Karnali rivers have garnet. Narayani, Trishuli and Mahakali rivers have kyanite, quartz and jasper. Taplejung, Manang, Sankhuwasabha, Bhojpur, Jajarkot, Achham, Bardiya, Kalikot, Lamjung and Dhankuta have emerald, ruby, sapphire, beryl and other precious stone. Similarly, corundum, topaz, quartz, garnet, aquamarine, opal, jade, moonstone are found in Nepali mountains from east to west. In Ganesh Himal, I had found a mountain of ruby.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">You ‘had’ found a mountain of ruby. Isn’t it there now?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Nepal Metal Company was established in 1976 with Hyderabad Industries Limited, Government of Nepal and ordinary Nepali people as shareholders.&nbsp; After Nepal Government and the Indian company, the largest shareholder was Mohan Gopal Khetan and he was very influential in the company. I too had some shares. At the 14th annual general meeting of the company in 1995, I raised a strong voice that the ruby extracted from Ganesh Himal was being exported without authorisation. The meeting formed a seven member investigation committee with me as its head. But none of the members agreed to go to Ganesh Himal with me to investigate. Later I found that someone had told them that Mohan Gopal Khetan might cause them great harm. So, I too did not go there at that time. Later in 1996 when I went there, the hillock that I had identified earlier as the deposit of ruby was blasted out. The mound of 15 metre width and eight metre height was estimated to contain 19 metric tonnes of ruby. However, though the ruby from the hill was taken away like that, there still is a very high potential of ruby deposit in the 60 hectares area around that destroyed hill.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What would be the value of the ruby there? </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Ruby now is priced at Rs 17,000 per carat. Five carats make one gram. So one gram is worth Rs 85,000. That means, the 19 tonnes of ruby converted into money at today’s price would be sufficient to meet the government budget of Nepal for 500 years at today’s budget size. The then royal palace played major role in taking out rubies from there.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Despite such immense availability of gemstones, why is nothing being done?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">There is utter lack of human resource with good knowledge of gemstones. Even the department of mines under the government does not have a gemstone expert. There are no academic courses in this field so there is no possibility of gemstone experts being developed for the future. The government must do something urgently in this.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What have you done personally towards it?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">After I began studying gemstones, I felt the serious lack of human resource. Then at my own cost, I established Gemstone Research and Training Centre and began providing trainings. But, now I have discontinued it due to the power outage. Till now I have trained 80 persons on identifying gemstones, cutting and polishing them, cutting with the use of modern machines for export quality finish, carving hole with the ultrasonic drill machine and identifying and certifying the stones. I have been providing trainings too going to different offices under the Department of Cottage and Small Industries. And I have also designed a training course to be given by the Department on finishing gemstones.&nbsp; </span><span lang="EN-GB"><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What are your trainees doing now?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Some are running their own businesses. Some others are working in this sector at Thamel and in Bhaktapur and Surkhet.&nbsp; But most of them are not in this field. Due to the lack of capital, they have not been able to mine the stones and run factories to process them.&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What about government licensed gemstone exploration or mining?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">&nbsp;There are very few people who are in gemstone mining with government license.&nbsp; Most of the mines are illegal. I have heard that tonnes of raw gemstones are exported every month to Jaipur in India.&nbsp; Nepali ruby, sapphire, tourmaline and aquamarine are exported to Japan, Germany, America, Singapore, Switzerland, Belgium, Sri Lanka and South Africa. But I have not come to know anyone who holds a license to mine ruby, sapphire and aquamarine. Quartz is mined at Dhading, Gorkha, Rasuwa, Darchula, Bajhang and Sindhupalchowk. Similarly, aquamarine is collected from Taplejung and Rasuwa while Tourmaline is collected from Manang and Jajarkot. Garnet is mined from Sankhuwasabha and Ruby and Quartz from Dhading.&nbsp; These stones are mined without license and exported. The government has failed to see that.</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Didn’t you talk to the government for cooperation on locating and mining the gemstone deposits?</span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">I talked to Sahana Pradhan and Hridayesh Tripathi when they were Ministers of Industry but they declined the request citing the lack of budget. I have talked to the Department of Mines and Geology time and again. But nobody cares. In fact the Department does not have experts. So I am focused on producing qualified human resource.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">What do you suggest as the most important thing to do in this field?&nbsp; </span></span></strong></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Without technical knowledge, it is impossible to go ahead in this. There should be academic courses in the universities on gemstones. The students should be provided with technical and theoretical knowledge. Training centres should be set up in the East, West and Kathmandu. For that, a budget of Rs 50 million would be sufficient to begin with. I am 81 years old now. I wish to see three training centres coming into operation within my lifetime. If that happens, hundreds of thousands of Nepalis would get employed and Nepal’s economy would turn around.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">How do you see the future of gemstones in Nepal?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span calibri="" letter-spacing:="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Water resource helps the economy in an indirect way. The electricity generated from water should be first used to run factories and produce goods which can then be exported to get the money. But, gemstones can be sold straight from the mine. Nothing is being done in Nepal in this sector. I believe the kyanite (aluminium silicate) deposit of Nepal can meet the aluminium demand of the entire world. Similarly, gemstone kyanite costs US $ 1500 a gram. A truck full of such kyanite is illegally taken to India every month. The Customs Department and the police do not know about its value and usage as they are ignorant about the precious stones. The illegal mining and export must be stopped. If the government involves the private sector in this field, it can contribute more than hydro and herb resources do to the economy. </span><br />
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<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><b><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Krishna Prasad Kafle</span></b><br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: 120%; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">Mines Expert &amp;</span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="color: rgb(178, 34, 34);"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span myriad="" pro="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">Former Superintendent Geologist, Department of Mines and Geology</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;">We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash on this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a result, the private investors were not attracted to it. Perhaps it can be attributed to the failure of the Department to give the required publicity about the mineral potentials of the country. <strong><br />
	</strong></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">How is the situation of the mineral resources in Nepal?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">During the Rana period, minerals like iron, copper, cobalt, lead, zinc were mined in different places. It was a compulsion to operate these mines as there was no other way to get such minerals in Nepal. Charcoal was used as the fuel to heat the ore to extract iron and copper from the ore. Such metals were used for making household utensils and farm implements. Iron extracted from Thoshey mine of today’s Ramechhap district was used for making gun barrels by the then government. Historical records show that nine barrels were produced in a day. The remains of the factory and traces of mine excavation can still be found there. Similarly copper and lead were mined in Baglung, Gulmi and Myagdi, and cobalt was mined in Arghakhanchi and Gulmi. Copper is available in many places. Copper mines of Marma, Khandeshwori and Siddhi Khani in the eastern Nepal are some of the well-known ones. In Myagdi and Baglung a lot of work was done on mining. Bhainse and Pandav mines in Myagdi district are a few examples. However, they were all in small scale. The studies in the course of 50 years by the Department of Mines and Geology have identified various minerals found in Nepal. Among them, some may not be viable to mine commercially at present but have possibility in the future when the price of such minerals may increase. As more studies are conducted and technology becomes cheaper, we may go ahead with excavation for such minerals.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What have these studies found about the estimated size of mineral deposits in Nepal? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The deposit size differs for different minerals. If you look at the iron mine of Fulchowki of Lalitpur, it is around 10 million tonnes. Similarly Thoshey mine has around 16 million tonnes of iron as per the estimate by the Department which is supported also by the study made by a new mining company interested in this mine. The Department has located lead, zinc, copper in different places. In non-metallic segment, limestone, used as basic raw material for cement industry, is found in huge quantity. A deposit of 1.25 billion tonnes of limestone has been proved and places have been identified with probable deposit of 1.50 billion tonnes. Based on these data, 29 licences have been issued for limestone excavation and 196 licenses for limestone exploration. Hetauda Cement, Udayapur Cement, Himal Cement and Annapurna Cement are the examples of the cement factories that are utilising the Nepali limestone.&nbsp; Now additional cement factories are set up or are being set up in Dang, Salyan and Rolpa utilising the limestone mines there. In Arghakhanchi, Dynasty Cement Company is already in operation. In Udayapur and Hetauda, new factories based on Nepali limestone mines are coming up. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Now many cement factories are using clinker imported from India. Currently 40 to 50 per cent of Nepal’s cement demand is supplied by local factories. As the new infrastructures are being set up in the country, the demand for cement is going up in the similar speed. So, cement industry have good prospects in Nepal. This increased demand can be met by cement produced in Nepal with Nepali limestone. Thus Nepal can be self-reliant on cement with the available limestone deposit.&nbsp; Gypsum is the other mineral required for cement production. Though that is not found in a large quantity so far, there is possibility to find it. Explorations and studies must be continued. Other minerals required for cement industry are coal and iron. Both of them are available in Nepal. If government issues licence and no local problems arise, Thoshey mine can supply the iron to Nepali cement industry. Gypsum can be imported from Bhutan and India. There is possibility to find it in the area around Pyuthan, Dailekh and Surkhet.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Then why could not Nepal cash in this wealth so far? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash in this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a result, the private investors were not attracted to it. Perhaps it can be attributed to the failure of the Department to give the required publicity about the mineral potentials of the country. The government has issued 451 licences for exploration of minerals and 80 more licenses are issued for excavation. Recently, the awareness about the importance of this sector is growing.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">People say that though the types of minerals found in Nepal is very large, the size of the deposits are so small that it is not economical to mine them. What is the exact situation? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">When we were studying a copper mine in Dadeldhura, we found gold, copper, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, bismuth and even cobalt from the same mine. It is a poly-metal sulphide deposit which can be used as multi mineral mine.&nbsp; The tendency is such that we look for a certain mineral and when we notice that the deposit size of that mineral is not economical, we leave that site without trying to explore about the presence of any other mineral there. There was a UNDP project conducted to explore minerals in Nepal and that too concentrated only on copper, lead and zinc, which are called base metals. If the project had explored for other minerals as well on the same mines that would have yielded significant benefits. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Places like Myagdi, Baglung, Parbat, Gorkha, Solukhumbu and Ilam have mineral deposits. Gemstones are available in Sankhuwasabha, Dhading, Rasuwa, Jajarkot, etc. Different places are suitable for different minerals. The minerals are scattered all over, from the mountains to the Terai. We have failed to make a commercial use of them. Had we utilised them in time, we would have made tremendous economic progress already. For example, the best high-grade magnesite deposit of South Asia is in Dolakha district. But unfortunately we failed to excavate it on time and take it to the market. With scientific advancements, even the medium grade magnesite has now become as good as the high-grade. As we don’t have internal market for dead burnt magnetite bricks, we have to export it to other countries where such bricks are used in industrial units that have high temperature furnaces. Such bricks can resist up to 2300<sup>0</sup> Celsius temperature while normal bricks can’t resist more than 700<sup>0</sup> Celsius. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What about other minerals such as gold? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The gold deposit in Nepali mines is very small. However, gold is priced very high. Therefore, though the quality of gold that can be mined in Nepal may be small, its value is high. Therefore, even if the deposit of this mineral is small, it can be economically beneficial to mine. Our rivers like Karnali, Chamelia, Seti, Bheri, Budhi Gandaki, Marsayangdi and Kali Gandaki have gold in their sands. Local fishermen search for gold ore in these rivers and sell it in the market. Such ores have 60 to 99 per cent of gold. Precious metals and precious stones like ruby, sapphire, tourmaline, aquamarine are highly priced. Therefore, though they may be in small quantity, their value is high and it is economical to mine them. Metals like gold, iron, copper and zinc have their own value. They are found in Nepal and have a good market.&nbsp; But in the absence of proper mining, most of them are wasted. The local people have a tendency to blast the mine. By doing so, some quantity is extracted, but the big pieces of the stones get destroyed in this process. They are doing so because they don’t know the proper method of mining. If they hire an engineer to help them mine it properly, it can give them better results. We have mines from small to medium size. We don’t have mines as big as the ones in Australia, China and Canada. In non-metallic segment, we have big limestone deposits.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What kind of possibilities you see for the contribution of mines and minerals sector to the economy?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">At present, the contribution of mines and minerals to the country’s GDP is estimated at around 0.4 per cent. This goes up to 2.4 percent if we consider mineral-based industries as well. If we utilise our resources properly, we can increase this to 15 per cent within a decade. This is only by utilising the identified mineral locations. If new ones can be found, the benefit will surely go up.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What do you suggest to address the environmental issues that crop up with mineral exploration? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">That reminds of Godavari Marbles. The company was doing well.&nbsp; It had market in Bangladesh and India. But the locals and environmental activists did not allow the mine to function properly. You cannot take out the minerals without digging up which may damage the environment. However, there are ways to minimise the damage. Moreover, though the environment is damaged when the digging is going on, the location can be rehabilitated and the damage replenished once the digging is completed. The mine can be rehabilitated by tree plantation, herbs farming, horticulture or building a resort. In some cases, it is possible to do the entire exploration as well as processing under the ground so that the noise and dust pollution can be minimised. Or the digging can be under the ground and the raw mineral can be transported through tunnels to a far-away location for processing. However, it is not possible to avoid some environmental damage as the opening to the mine is naturally over the ground.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">How is the commercial viability of petroleum mine and, metallic and non metallic mines? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The geological structure and study reports suggest the possibility for petroleum at different locations of Nepal. Oil migrates from one place to another if it can’t get tapped properly.&nbsp; On the basis of studies by the Government and foreign companies, Nepal’s Terai including Churia region is divided into 10 different blocks for petroleum exploration. Shell Netherlands drilled about 3.5 kilometres on the block No. 10 a few years ago and found it dry. Then the company left Nepal. Now Cairns Energy, a British company and Texana Resources, an American company are doing preliminary works like reassessing, evaluating the existing data, and analysing samples but they are not doing it in full scale. Seismic survey has to be done. Then blasting may be required in some places. And wires have to be laid extensively. But it is not possible to do all these at the current political situation of the country. So they are idle. The government has already received back what it has spent on these studies. The government has charged these companies around Rs 200 to 220 million. Among the 10 blocks, five blocks are taken by Cairns Energy and two by Texana. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Oil is being extracted in Assam in India and Potwar of Pakistan since 1970s. As Nepal lies in the same geographical belt, there must be petroleum in our country too. But we have not found it yet. So we can’t guarantee the presence of petroleum yet. In Dailekh we can see the petroleum seepage. Similarly, in Trans-Himalayan region too, we find traces of gas. That shows the possibility of petroleum gas.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Which minerals should get priority in exploration and excavation in Nepal in your opinion? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Among the precious metals, gold has to be prioritised and on base metals, copper, nickel and cobalt must be given attention. On non-metals, limestone, magnetite, dolomite, phosphorite and talc have to be given top priority. As these minerals have good prospects to be found and there is international market as well in these, we should explore them also in new places. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="ANSWER" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The government should increase its budget in mining sector. In the last fiscal year, Rs 20 million was collected by the Department of Mines through licensing. But the projects under it get only around Rs 3 to 3.5 million as their budget which is too little.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">There is a controversy going on in the mining of sand and stones. As a mining engineer, what is your take on it?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Rivers bring down sediments from the hilly region and deposit them on the plain areas where the water current is weak. It is a continuing process. If such sediments are not dug out it brings problem. It lifts the river bed and increases the risk of flooding. But extraction of such sediments must be sustainable and balanced. You should not take out more than what the river has brought down from the hills. The problem at present is that in some places these sediments are extracted extensively while at some places nothing is taken out. At some places, walls are built to save settlements from flooding but sands and stones are extracted even from the foundation of such walls. That is haphazard mining. There must be a mining engineer and a geologist in every Village Development Committee and District Development Committee so as to properly mobilise the resources.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What are the minerals in which the private sector has shown some interest recently? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Recent report of the Department shows there are 80 licensed mining companies. Some of them are in operation. Most of them are on limestone, coal, red clay, slate, magnesite and on semiprecious stones like kainite, tourmaline, marble and quartz.&nbsp; The licenses already issued cover 12 minerals.&nbsp; And the trend is growing.&nbsp;</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What are the biggest challenges and problems in utilising the hidden treasure called mineral resources of Nepal? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Minerals are mined, so they are also called hidden treasure. However some minerals are found on the surface as well, e.g. the boulders. The biggest problem is that the Mines and Minerals Act, Forestry Act and Local Self-governance Act have contradictory provisions.&nbsp; Forest authority imposes tax on everything in the forest while mining authority says the mines, even within the forests, are under the mining authority. On the other hand, the District Development Committee and Village Development Committee come up and say they have the right over the mine area within their locality. So, the miner ends up paying taxes to all these different authorities. The solution is to adopt one-window policy for tax collection. Three ministries should coordinate and make mining easy. Investors will pay tax when they generate income. Before that they generate employment.&nbsp; So they must be encouraged. If 10 cement factories produce 1000 tons of cement daily, they jointly create employment for 10 thousand people directly and another 20 thousand indirectly. That will have multiplier effect.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">What kind of market prospects do you see if the minerals can be extracted? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">The magnesite bricks will not be consumed in our country; not even five per cent.&nbsp; We have to search for international market. Surface transport costs much, so we cannot compete with other producers of magnesite.&nbsp; Therefore, we have to export it even though we have to provide special subsidy in its transport cost. Priority should be given to the minerals that can be used within the country, so that the import can be reduced and the trade deficit can be reduced.&nbsp; We can make good money if we export sand and stones to India and Bangladesh on time. Iron ore can be used within the country by the cement factories and iron mills.&nbsp; Other metals and precious stones have market everywhere in the world.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">Which five minerals would you like to specify as having the maximum commercial potentials?</span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB">Limestone is the most prominent. Then it is talc. Similarly important is magnesite as its mine operation is not difficult. If plants can be made and products taken to market, it has huge prospects. Only problem is of the fuel. A lot of coal is required. Kathmandu has natural methane gas reserve of 320 million cubic metres. It must be brought to the market. Precious and semiprecious stones, high priced metals and base metals must be highly prioritised.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;"> <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="QUESTION" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: 0pt;">It seems that the mineral sector studies are very few and difficult to find. Why is it so? </span></span></strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span calibri="" letter-spacing:="" sans-serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">There are a number of research activities carried out, but not on the desired speed and scale. The problem is that the study reports are not made available to the public in a manner that makes them easily accessible to all those interested on it, by paying reasonable fee. This is essential to attract investors. About 60-65 minerals are said to be found in Nepal. Economic viability of such minerals has been changing over the time. For example, once gold was available in Kathmandu for Rs 9 to 10 thousand per 10 grams. That time, the Nepali gold mines were naturally uneconomic. Now that the gold price has increased to Rs 30-40,000 per 10 grams, the same mines may be economical. An authority should be designated to make the decisions regarding which mine should be brought into operation and which to keep on hold.</span><br />
	</span></p>',
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			'created' => '2011-02-27',
			'modified' => '2011-02-27',
			'keywords' => '',
			'description' => 'We are lucky to have so much mineral deposits in such a small territory. But we have failed to cash on this wealth because this sector failed to receive the government priority and attention. And as a',
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	(int) 2 => array(
		'Article' => array(
			'id' => '232',
			'article_category_id' => '40',
			'title' => 'Mining The Prospects',
			'sub_title' => '',
			'summary' => null,
			'content' => '<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
	<strong><span style="font-size: 16px;"><i><span aldine401="" bt="" serif="" style="line-height: 120%;">By M Rijal &amp; Gaurav Aryal&nbsp; </span></i><br />
	</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 2.85pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">T</span><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">he present contribution of mines and mineral industries to Nepal’s GDP stands at around 2.4 per cent and it may rise to as high as 15 per cent in the next 10 years. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">“We are talking about the previously identified mineral resources only,” says Krishna Prasad Kafle, a geologist and mines expert. “Once new mineral resources like petroleum are discovered, the contribution to GDP will far exceed even the present forecast of 15 per cent.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">The future might look bright; the present situation, however, is still bleak. The fact is that Nepal is a net importer of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron and steel, aluminum, gypsum, salt, petroleum and high grade coal, among other minerals and mine-based products. “We can change the situation,” adds Kafle. “Nepal has tremendous mining prospects – let’s not doubt this fact. The geology of Nepal itself is the evidence to it.” <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Petroleum Prospects </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Sporadic oil exploration works in Nepal were first recorded in the 1930s. However, the first drilling was done only in 1989 in Radhanagar, near the eastern city of Biratnagar. The place is now Ward No 9 of Bahune VDC in Morang district <i>(see picture)</i>. Netherland’s Shell Company was involved in the drilling. The company drilled some 3520 metres beneath, but the “well” was found dry. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">“Only if the company had gone little bit deeper, there was a chance to discover the hydrocarbon (petroleum) deposits,” claims a geologist on condition of anonymity. “As fate would have it, India had imposed economic blockade on Nepal at the same time. Drilling machineries had to be imported from India. The total daily operating cost of drilling sky-rocketed to as high as Rs 30 to 35 thousand (not adjusted with inflation). The company ultimately abandoned its plan of going deeper.”&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">The Petroleum Exploration Promotion Project was set up within the Department of Mines and Geology. It gave momentum to exploration. So far, the Project has performed Airborne Magnetic Survey in 48 thousand sq km, photo-geological study in 60 thousand sq km, Reflection Seismic Survey in some 5 thousand line km, Gravity Survey in the entire Terai region, and Source and Seal Study in entire Nepal. Most significantly, the Department identified 10 <i>probable petroleum deposits</i> blocks in 1985. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">“Nepal’s whole Terai and Churia range are the most potential petroleum blocks in Nepal,” says Shyam Bahadur KC, the Acting Project Chief. “This is the region constituting all 10 blocks identified for oil exploration.” Each block is of some 5 thousand sq km in area and is named from the west to the east <i>(see Table 1)</i>. The Nepalgunj and Chitwan Blocks (3 and 5, respectively) were leased to Texana Resources, Huston, USA in 1998. But the company postponed exploration works in 2000 citing security reasons. The company is said to have almost completed preparing various maps but has not revealed further as to what would be next. Five Blocks - 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7, respectively, were awarded to UK-based Cairns Energy in 2004. The company postponed works for four years and resumed in December 2009. The company is involved in developing the complete maps first. As for the remaining three Blocks - 8, 9 and 10, the government is preparing to award contracts through a bidding process most probably in the next fiscal year (2011/12). <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">As for the reasons for so many researches-planned focusing on the Terai and adjoining Churia range, the geologists have firm belief that Nepal’s Terai is similar in geography to the sub-Himalayan plains of Pakistan and India where hydrocarbon deposits were discovered and are extracted on commercial scale. The Potwar Basin of Pakistan and Digboy of Assam in India are mining hubs in the sub-Himalayan region. “From among the 10 Blocks, if we discover even a single medium size oil well, it can transform the economy of Nepal beyond anybody’s imagination,” KC asserts in an optimistic tone.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">The evidence of Nepal’s hydrocarbon deposits can be seen as the gas and oil seepages in various parts of Dailekh district in mid-west Nepal. For instance, the oil seeps at Padukasthan represent “biodegraded” light oil with geological source, whereas the gas seeps at Navisthan and Sristhan are of “thermogenic” origin, according to geologists. Further, the proportion of higher “homologs (C2-C5)” in the seepages of Dailekh district suggests gases associated with oil. The threat, however, in terms of capitalizing the potential hidden oil wells is that “hydrocarbon deposits are mobile by nature”. If not tapped in time, the whole petroleum reserves may move from one place to another even crossing the man-made boundary of any country – this is what most of the geologists fear in Nepal. </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Cement: On the Way to Abundance </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">Among all non-metallic minerals, excavation of limestone – the basic element to produce cement, has increased substantially in the recent years. Limestone is in abundance in the country and predictions are that Nepal has a chance to be fully self-dependant on cement by the next seven months (August 2011). Some six new industries are coming to the fore, in addition to the existing 30 cement industries. “We can now be hopeful that the domestic industries may fully sustain the demand for cement,” says Dhruba Thapa, Vice President, Nepal Cement Industries’ Association. The industries, however, still have to import clinker, which is produced from limestone and used for cement production, from India. As of today, some 30 companies have received limestone mining permission from the Department of Mines and Geology, whereas 167 companies have received the limestone prospecting (exploration) license from the Department. And more than 60 companies have received the license to operate a cement industry from the Department of Industry. In Nepal, the volume of limestone deposits (of cement grade) is believed to be over 1.25 billion metric tons, according to the Department sources.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">As for other non-metallic mineral resources except cement, there are possibilities for unearthing dolomite, phosphorite, magnesite, talc, mica, ceramic clay / red clay, silica sand, salt, barites, calcite deposit and diatomite, etc, from various parts of the country. There are also possibilities for mining precious and semi-precious gemstones such as tourmaline, beryl / aquamarine, garnets, kyanites, rubies / sapphire and quartz crystals. Decorative stones such as marble, granites, quartzites and slate can also be mined. Construction materials such as boulders, cobbles and pebbles are also in plenty while fuel mineral like coal too has commercial prospect. As for the operating mines, there are a few in the country. For instance, mining of marble is being done from Godavari (Lalitpur) and Anekot (Kavre); pebbles are mined from almost every riverside and low-hills and are even exported to India’s booming construction industry. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Metallic Minerals</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">In Nepal, the iron ore prospects and deposits are reported in 85 locations and the copper in 107 locations, zinc and lead in 49 locations, cobalt at least in 4 locations and nickel in at least 5 locations. At present, a Chinese company is involved in the mining of iron in Thoshe, Ramechhap. As for gold, there is no mine in operation as of today, but it is frequently winnowed out from the gravel and sediments of around a dozen rivers like Mahakali, Bheri, Rapti, Kaligandaki and Sunkoshi. Primary gold occurrences have been reported from Lungri Khola area in Rolpa; Banga Bagar, Gorang and Jamari Gad in Baitadi; and Bamangau in Dadeldhura. These areas are, however, yet to be explored extensively. The Department of Mines and Geology thinks that once the mining licenses are issued, the mines will automatically get the status of “operating mines”. As the Department has no mechanism to cross-check the facts going to the field, there is a compulsion to assume that the license holder mines are really operating. Same is the case for gold and other minerals. Two licenses have been issued to mine gold and are taken as the operating mines in the Department’s list without further evidence. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">As for Uranium, which is radioactive and so, a highly valued mineral, is also reported to have some deposits in Nepal. The sites are Jagati in Bhaktapur and Shiva Puri area in Kathmandu; Tin Bhangaley, Chandi Khola and Chiruwa Khola in Makwanpur; Buka Khola in Sindhuli; Janmari Gad, Banga Bagar and Gorang in Baitadi; and some traces in Chameliya river in Darchula. “Among the potential uranium sites, Tin Bhangaley (Makwanpur) and Gorang (Baitadi) prospects appear attractive, but economic evaluation of these sites are yet to be performed,” says geologist Kafle.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">Methane Gas and Other Minerals</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Kathmandu valley that incorporates three districts of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur is rich in methane gas deposits. The Department of Mines and Geology explored this gas in 26 sq km area in the valley and it was proved that 316 million cubic metre of methane gas deposit is available for commercial purpose. But it still remains unexploited. <br />
	</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">Nepal is also affluent in other miscellaneous mineral resources. For instance, there are some 23 geothermal hot springs in Nepal. They are found in the vicinities of rivers like Mahakali, Marshyangdi, Trishuli, Kodari and Surai Khola, among others. The temperature of the hot spring water remains generally in between 40°C to 115°C. The hot springs can be utilized for tourism purpose, as people enjoy taking a bath into it. It is also believed that the hot springs have the healing power in illnesses like backache and arthritis. Thermal electricity can also be produced from the hot springs with the help of technologies.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 11pt 0in 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle; text-align: justify;">
	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Challenges</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
	 </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Nepal’s mineral resources themselves have become the curse, says geologist Kafle. “From mountain to Terai, minerals are scattered all over the country. But we have failed to cash in them. Otherwise, we would have made remarkable economic progresses,” adds he. “Mineral exploration, mine development and establishment of a mineral based industry normally require large investment, sound technical know-how and long gestation period. We lack these all.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">It’s a fact, in a money-crunch country like ours, Foreign Direct Investment is a must to explore and utilize petroleum and other mineral resources, says another geologist KC. “The government of Nepal is not able to sufficiently finance the research and exploration of the mines and minerals. Usually the government provides the Department with Rs 3 to 3.5 million annually. This amount is not enough for us,” adds he. “ On the other hand, it is a global practice that the government rather than doing the exploration works by itself, invites companies for the exploration and investment. Even the powerful countries like USA, Norway, Saudi Arabia, etc invite the companies for the investment.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Further, there are high risk, uncertainty and long return period involved in mineral exploration and mining. And if the private sector is to invest in it, the government must develop infrastructures like road, electricity and telecom in the mineral deposit sites. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Yet another biggest problem is that the three laws of Nepal - Mines and Minerals Act, Forestry Act and Local Self Governance Act contradict with each other.&nbsp; For instance, the forest authorities impose tax on everything inside a forest, while the mining authorities say it is different and come under the mining rules and regulations. And the local government bodies such as District Development Committees (DDCs), Village Development Committees (VDCs) and municipalities claim the same taxation rights over the same resources. It is imperative that, to clear ambiguities, the government must make one window policy of tax mobilization vis-à-vis mines and minerals. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span color:="" demi="" franklin="" gothic="" sans-serif="" style="">The Way Ahead</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">Capable technicians at the Department of Mines and Geology are frequently leaving the country in absence of career prospects and there is no significant entry of new technical manpower at the Department. Such a situation may cause severe hindrance to mining activities in the country. Further, the haphazard pebble and gravel mining activities, such as those in Nallu, Lele and Chapagaun villages of southern Lalitpur may lead to environmental degradation. Development should always be healthy, balanced and eco-friendly. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="">For public scrutiny, it is extremely difficult to extract information from the Department and to some extent, from the Department of Industry. Mines and mineral related information should not be stored but disseminated and exposed through publications and media campaign on a regular basis. Mining potentials must be publicised so as to lure the potential investors and create awareness among the policymakers. This very thing is lacking in Nepal. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">At least for the moment, only if the petroleum exploration works in the 7 leased blocks could enter the phase of drilling; it could be a silver lining to all those who wish to see the works moving ahead on a fast track. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">According to a press release issued announcing this, the growth will be financed in part by Z-I Capital Partners, which, the statement says, is the investment fund set up by the current Zinc | InVision Hospitality partners and fortified by other investors. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">InVision Hospitality currently manages five properties in Thailand, states the press statement. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Cinnovation | CG holds 51 per cent of the initial fund of ZIH which is $170-180 million, states the release. The remaining 49 per cent is held by InVision, it adds. The fund will be invested on 30 hotels across Asia, including Nepal, Thailand, UAE, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, China and Malaysia. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Zinc | InVision Hospitality has seven hotel and hospitality brands already developed: Zinc City, GLOW STUDIOS, Zinc Edge, Zinc Living, Zinc Journey, SOMA, and Touch by Zinc. The statement says, “Each one caters to a unique market segment -- luxury resorts, hip business hotels, value-oriented urban travelers, long-stay and residential living, heritage travel, and spa and wellness retreats.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Out of 30 hotels, GLOW STUDIOS, Edge deluxe hotels, The Farm, a Touch by Zinc spa and wellness retreat will also be established in Nepal by 2013 while the latter by 2011. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Cinnovation | CG Executive Director Rahul Chaudhary said, “I am excited and extremely confident about bringing the innovative hotel brands we have created within ZIH to the global market. We aim to succeed by anticipating social trends and the emerging demands of hotel customers and matching these with well designed hotels and well trained staff.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">Company CEO, Kevin Beauvais announcing the new company said, “The creation of Zinc | InVision Hospitality marks the arrival of a formidable hotel management company and fresh brand offerings in the Asian hotel and hospitality arena. Cinnovation | CG has the financial depth and hospitality background to support the growth while InVision has the depth of experience and hospitality know-how to execute all elements of technical, sales and marketing and operating activities. We expect phoenix-like growth in the next few years.” <br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">T</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">he commercial banks of the country have reported a heavy decline in their return on equity and return on asset in the current fiscal year as a result of increase in their cost of funds. According to the reports of the banks, their return on equity was 17.95 per cent in the first quarter of this fiscal year as compared to 23.44 per cent in the same period last year. The return on asset too has come down to 1.81 per cent this year compared to 1.96 per cent last year. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The report also shows that the cost of funds of the banks has increased from 5.23 per cent in the first quarter of the previous year to 7.52 this year. </span></span></p>
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	<span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The only bank that enjoyed a decrease in the cost of funds is Agriculture Development Bank (from 6.57 per cent to 5.21). Laxmi Bank had the highest cost of funds (11.8 per cent) in the first quarter of the current fiscal year while the lowest was that of Nepal Bank Ltd. (2.63 per cent). The cost of funds is lower in the government-owned banks and in the relatively older banks. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">&nbsp;&nbsp; N</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">epal is on the way to become self-reliant within seven months if the work at the six cement factories goes on as scheduled and start production on the target dates.&nbsp;&nbsp; <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Five of these new factories are to produce clinker on their own. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The combined production capacity of these six factories would be 5,000 tonnes per day. The total investment combined in these factories is said to be Rs 12.55 billion. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Dhruba Thapa, vice president of Nepal Cement Industries Association said, “Now our own production can meet the national demand.” <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Nepal’s present cement demand is estimated at around 3 million metric tonnes a year. Domestic producers are supplying around 1.5 to 2 million metric tonnes. Remaining demand is fulfilled by imports, mainly from India. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; I</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">nvestment of banks and finance companies on heavy equipment used for construction works has reached Rs 20 billion. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">According to Tara Bahadur Kunwar, President of Heavy Equipments Entrepreneurs Association, around 8,000 such equipments are imported annually and among them, 5,000 are financed by banks. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Since one such equipment costs between Rs 15 million to 150 million, it is impossible to import it without bank finance, say entrepreneurs. Rajan Shrestha at Continental Trading Enterprises, the authorised distributor of Komtasu, said the banks provide 70 to 80 per cent loan to purchase such heavy equipments. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Suman Joshi, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Laxmi Bank confirmed that the banks finance up to 70 per cent of the equipment price under hire-purchase loan or under term loan to construction companies. Calculated on that basis, the amount of bank finance on such machines totals to Rs 20 billion.&nbsp; <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; B</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">utwal Power Company (BPC) is upgrading&nbsp; the power generation capacity of Andhikhola Hydroelectricity Project in Syangja. BPC is adding 4.3 Megawatt (MW) to the current 5.1 MW powerhouse. According to the company, the preparations are in the final stage.</span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; However, the local people have been protesting the program complaining that the company did not take their consent for the project.</span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; V</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">arious trade unions have begun joint homework to revise the minimum wage rate and other compensations to the workers. Bishnu Rimal, President of General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions (GEFONT) said, as the current minimum wage of Rs 4,650 per month is not enough to sustain the life due to increasing inflation, preparations are underway to hike the wage. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Meanwhile, tourism sector workers have demanded the authorities concerned for a raise in their compensation. All Nepal Hotel and Restaurant Workers Union (ANHRWU) has demanded for minimum Rs 10 thousand as wage and transparency in the distribution of the money collected by way of 10 per cent service charge.&nbsp; The 15-point demand sheet presented by the Union also asks to collect in the social security fund the money that is collected by the government as 1 per cent social security tax. Prakash Shrestha, General Secretary of ANHRWU also said that the workers must get additional Rs 5,000 in the existing salary. He added that the salary and wages must be incremented every two years to adjust with the price rise. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">The Ministry of Finance has proposed to form a supreme authority to monitor and supervise all the sectoral regulating bodies. If the proposal of the Ministry is implemented, there will be an apex body that will regulate the existing and future regulators of such services such as banking and financial services, the capital market, air services, insurance and telecommunication businesses, and legal and accounting services. Finance Secretary Rameshwore Khanal confirmed that the Ministry has started discussion with the other government bodies concerned on the idea of forming such a super regulator. Though he did not clarify the reason behind the concept, senior officers in the Ministry indicated that the idea cropped up after the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nepal (ICAN) failed to take action against the chartered accountants who were found helping some businesses to swindle billions of rupees in taxes by presenting fake VAT invoices. This was confirmed indirectly by Keshav Acharya, Senior Economic Advisor at the Ministry who complained that similar weaknesses are noticed in some other regulating authorities as well. Finance Minister Surendra Pandey is strongly advocating for such authority. Pandey has been complaining that as the regulators concerned are not&nbsp; taking actions in time, the government has been forced to come forward and take those actions. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; T</span><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="">he airline catering facility operated in Kathmandu by Soaltee Crowne Plaza and LSG Sky Chefs has received Halal certification. </span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span aldine401="" bt="" color:="" letter-spacing:="" serif="" style="line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; LSG Skychefs’ Kathmandu Kitchen offers around 1800 airline meals per day to international flight operators like Qatar Airways, Gulf Air, Etihad Airways, Dragon Air, China Southern Airlines, GMG Airlines and Nepal Airlines. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">N</span><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">epal Mountaineering Association (NMA) has asked the government to grant it the right to issue permits to climb 23 additional peaks.&nbsp; Zimba Zangbu Sherpa, president of the NMA, said the demand is made with the aim to attract more tourists to scale more mountains during Nepal Tourism Year 2011 when international mountaineering conferences is being hosted in Nepal by NMA. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">The Association already has the right to issue mountaineering permits for 33 peaks. According to Sherpa, the mountains for which NMA is demanding the authority are unknown to the tourists so far and need publicity. He added that the NMA has already started publicity about these peaks. <br />
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	<span style="font-size: 16px;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">However, Laxman Bhattarai, Spokesperson at the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation (MOTCA) said the demand is being processed by the Ministry. He also added that as the ministry itself is issuing permits to such peaks, it may not be necessary for granting NMA the authority. “There can be no guarantee that more tourists will come if the permit is issued by the Association,” he added </span><span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Aldine401 BT&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; color: black;">Currently, 326 mountain peaks are open for climbing but no climbing attempts have been made as yet for 110 of them. </span><br />
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	<span style="font-size: 13pt;">J</span>agadamba Spinning Mills of Bhairahawa is planning to produce non-woven fabric used to make bags and sacks. The mill is setting up a new plant for the purpose. </p>
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	Bishnu Prasad Neupane, Managing Director of Jagadamba Spinning said the production would begin by mid-March, 2011. The plant is being installed with the investment of Rs 140 million. Its capacity will be five tonnes per day, said Neupane. According to him, as the demand in the country is hardly a ton per day, the company is planning to export to India and other countries. </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">Meanwhile, the company is also planning to expand its capacity to produce polyester yarn from current 27 tonnes a day to 33 tonnes. According to Neupane, Rs 70 million is being invested for the purpose. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size: 28pt; font-family: &quot;Franklin Gothic Demi Cond&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;">FNCCI Signs MOU with WTCA</span></p>
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	<span style="font-size: 18pt;">F</span>ederation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) and World Trade Centre Association (WTCA), USA have signed an MOU for the promotion of trade between the two countries. </p>
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	<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;; letter-spacing: 0.05pt;">According to the MOU, signed by FNCCI President Kush Kumar Joshi, both FNCCI and WTCA will cooperate in identifying the potential investment opportunities in Nepal and USA. For this, they will exchange information and organise trade fairs in the two countries. Another point in the MOU provides for cooperation in identifying and promoting Nepali products that have potential to export to USA. </span></p>',
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span class="MyriadPro"><span franklin="" gothic="">(Review for 20 Dec, 2010- 19 Jan, 2011)</span></span></span></p>
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	<span style="font-size:12px;"><b><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	T</span></b><span aldine401="" color:="">he Nepali share market was filled with some optimism after closing the review period at the highest point as the political situation looked like improving. That was supported by the hope that the financial reports for second quarter of the fiscal year from the listed companies will show improvement in their performance. The benchmark Nepse index advanced 12.98 points or 3.21% to settle at 404.33. The session's high was on 27 December, 2010 with 407.72 while session's low was at the opening with 391.35 on 20 December, 2010.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	The understanding reached between major parties to bring the Maoist combatants under the Special Committee headed by the Prime Minister has added hope that the peace process is heading towards the right direction. However investors were cautious as the formation of the new government is still uncertain.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	However, some hopeful developments are reported also from the regulators side. For example, Securities Board (SEBON) has formed a committee under the leadership of its Chairman Dr. Surbir Poudyal to formulate a five-year master plan to develop the securities market with technical assistance of the World Bank. Similarly, Nepal Stock Exchange (Nepse) has formed a company CDS and Clearing Ltd as a subsidiary to introduce and manage the central depository system. Though another company called Nepal Central Depository and Clearing Ltd was formed earlier with Nepse and the commercial banks as the shareholders, that company could not go ahead due to dispute between Nepse and the commercial banks about how to account for the Indian assistance received for this purpose. </span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span><span aldine401="" color:=""><br />
	</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span color:="" franklin="" gothic="">Performance by Sector</span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><strong><span><span color:="" franklin="" gothic=""><br />
	</span></span></strong></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="" letter-spacing:="">The commercial banking sector which holds the largest share in the trade volume in Nepal Stock Exchange gained 23.75 points or 6.41% to close at 370.77 during the review period. Similarly, hydropower sector was up by 32.33 points to rest at 717.09. Hotel sector accelerated 18.81 points or 4.16% to settle at 452.36 while manufacturing sector went up 7.78 points along with 4.71 points growth in tradings sector. Insurance sub-index went up 3.49 points while others sector increased 2.35 points to close at 477.38 and 522.85 respectively.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;<br />
	Sensitive index that measured the performance of 94 blue chips surged 3.78 points or 3.79% to 99.76 while, the float index calculated on the basis of real transaction ascended 1.02 points to 34.58. Total of Rs 492,513,784 was realised during the review period from 1,985,844 units of shares traded via 30,739 transactions.<br />
	<br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="" letter-spacing:="">&nbsp;The accompanying figure depicts the sector-wise distribution based on the total volume of trade. As usual, majority of the trade was in the banking sector with 46.60% while finance sector accounted for 21.55%. Development bank occupied 15.27% and the remaining sectors made up for the rest.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 14.15pt; line-height: 11pt; vertical-align: middle;">
	<span style="font-size:12px;"><span aldine401="" color:="">&nbsp;<br />
	Technically, Simple Moving Average (SMA) is performing high in the short term. However its sustainability is not supported by transaction volume. Shortfall in the volume of trade may lead the index down while it is still gloomy in the long term. <br />
	<br />
	</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">
	<strong><span style="font-size:12px;"><i><span aldine401="" color:="" style="line-height: 115%;">(The writer is a stock analyst with Jamb Technologies Pvt Ltd)&nbsp; <br />
	<br />
	<br />
	</span></i></span></strong></p>',
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